ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 109 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-Analysis of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Wild and Domestic Birds.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Pooled it
- Long-Term Kinetics of Serological Antibodies againstInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- ICP1 bacteriophage treatment antagonizes colonization of the zebrafish larval intestine byMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae in Western Kenya (2015-2023) reveals persistence of pandemic ST69 and presence of the European-associated ST8 lineage.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Evolution of pandemic cholera at its global source.Nature · 2026Article
- Atypical El TorMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Wave succession in the pandemic clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus driven by gene loss.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Multicountry genomic analysis underscores regional cholera spread in Africa.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The BaeS/BaeR two-component system enhancesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of clinical and environmentalFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Small molecule inhibitor targets OmpV to treat pandemic Vibrio cholerae infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Genomic analysis and antimicrobial resistance ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Towards practical point-of-care quick, ubiquitous, integrated, cost-efficient molecular diagnostic Kit (QUICK) PCR for future pandemic response.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2025Review
- Defence systems encoded by core genomic islands of seventh pandemicPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Lineage-specific defence systems of pandemicPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from 2022 cholera outbreak in Kenya.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Why are there so few pathogens? Ecology and evolution in pathogen emergence.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Allelic variations and gene cluster modularity act as nonlinear bottlenecks for cholera emergence.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Review
- Deployment of amBio · 2025Article
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae has caused seven cholera pandemics since 1817, imposing terror on much of the world, but bacterial strains are currently only available for the sixth and seventh pandemics. The El Tor biotype seventh pandemic began in 1961 in Indonesia, but did not originate directly from the classical biotype sixth-pandemic strain. Previous studies focused mainly on the spread of the seventh pandemic after 1970. Here, we analyze in unprecedented detail the origin, evolution, and transition to pandemicity of the seventh-pandemic strain. We used high-resolution comparative genomic analysis of strains collected from 1930 to 1964, covering the evolution from the first available El Tor biotype strain to the start of the seventh pandemic. We define six stages leading to the pandemic strain and reveal all key events. The seventh pandemic originated from a nonpathogenic strain in the Middle East, first observed in 1897. It subsequently underwent explosive diversification, including the spawning of the pandemic lineage. This rapid diversification suggests that, when first observed, the strain had only recently arrived in the Middle East, possibly from the Asian homeland of cholera. The lineage migrated to Makassar, Indonesia, where it gained the important virulence-associated elements Vibrio seventh pandemic island I (VSP-I), VSP-II, and El Tor type cholera toxin prophage by 1954, and it then became pandemic in 1961 after only 12 additional mutations. Our data indicate that specific niches in the Middle East and Makassar were important in generating the pandemic strain by providing gene sources and the driving forces for genetic events.
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