ArticleDemography2016
Moving Beyond Salmon Bias: Mexican Return Migration and Health Selection.
Article in Demography, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Comparison of Cardiovascular Health Across Migration Flows on the US-Mexico Border.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Adolescent Migration Goals: An Application of the Aspirations-capabilities Framework.Population research and policy review · 2026Article
- Immigrant Health Advantage? The Birth Outcomes of U.S.-Born Women in Mexico and Mexican-Origin Women in the United States.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- Article
- Internal migration, health selection, and the salmon bias: A register-based study of Finland.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- US-born and foreign-born life expectancy by race and Hispanic origin before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Experiences of victimization before resettlement and chronic disease among foreign-born people in the United States.Population studies · 2024Article
- Return Migration and Disability by Life Course Stage of Return: Evidence Against the Salmon Bias.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Revisiting the Immigrant Health Advantage: Self-Reported Health and Smoking Among Sexual Minority Immigrants.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2024Article
- Return Migration Selection and Its Impact on the Migrant Mortality Advantage: New Evidence Using French Pension Data.Demography · 2023Article
- Racial/Ethnic Differences in Biological Aging and Their Life Course Socioeconomic Determinants: The 2016 Health and Retirement Study.Journal of aging and health · 2023Article
- Housing cost burden, homeownership, and self-rated health among migrant workers in Chinese cities: The confounding effect of residence duration.Cities (London, England) · 2023Article
- The next phases of the Migrante Project: Study protocol to expand an observatory of migrant health on the Mexico-U.S. border.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Scoping review protocol on the health of sub-Saharan African migrants in the Asia-Pacific region.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Poverty, Material Hardship, and Telomere Length Among Latina/o Children.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Hypertension and Diabetes Status by Patterns of Stress in Older Adults From the US Health and Retirement Study: A Latent Class Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- Investigating the salmon bias effect among international immigrants in Sweden: a register-based open cohort study.European journal of public health · 2022Article
- The Hispanic Paradox: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Health Conditions, Self-Rated Health, and Mental Health among Mexicans and Mexican Americans.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2022Article
- Trends in health equity in mortality in the United States, 1969-2019.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- The Weight of Migration: Reconsidering Health Selection and Return Migration among Mexicans.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite having lower levels of education and limited access to health care services, Mexican immigrants report better health outcomes than U.S.-born individuals. Research suggests that the Mexican health advantage may be partially attributable to selective return migration among less healthy migrants-often referred to as "salmon bias." Our study takes advantage of a rare opportunity to observe the health status of Mexican-origin males as they cross the Mexican border. To assess whether unhealthy migrants are disproportionately represented among those who return, we use data from two California-based studies: the California Health Interview Survey; and the Migrante Study, a survey that samples Mexican migrants entering and leaving the United States through Tijuana. We pool these data sources to look for evidence of health-related return migration. Results provide mixed support for salmon bias. Although migrants who report health limitations and frequent stress are more likely to return, we find little evidence that chronic conditions and self-reported health are associated with higher probabilities of return. Results also provide some indication that limited health care access increases the likelihood of return among the least healthy. This study provides new theoretical considerations of return migration and further elucidates the relationship between health and migration decisions.
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