ArticlePediatric research2017
Association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development, autistic traits and ADHD symptoms: a multicenter study in Spain.
Article in Pediatric research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sleep duration in preschool age and later behavioral and cognitive outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis in five European cohorts.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and behavior disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review.Revista de saude publica · 2018Pooled it
- Effects of an Online Theory-Based Educational Programme for Primiparous Women on Improving Breastfeeding-Related Outcomes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences · 2025Trial
- Breastfeeding is not a risk factor for clinical severity in Autism spectrum disorder in children from the ELENA cohort.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- The Critical Period Microbiota Shape Brain Plasticity.Research square · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children of Women Taking Antiseizure Medications.JAMA network open · 2026Observational
- Human milk microbiome as a modulator of the early-life gut-brain axis: mechanisms and translational opportunities for neurodevelopment.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- The Critical Period Microbiota Shape Brain Plasticity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Association of Breastfeeding Duration with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in an Enriched Familial Likelihood Cohort for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Early breastfeeding as protective factor for preschool emotional and behavioral health.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Breast Milk and Brain: The Influence of Iodine and Neurotrophic and Growth Factors on Children's Neurodevelopment-A Secondary Analysis.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and duration of breastfeeding in children under 14 years of age: a nationwide community-based cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Reduced recruitment of inhibitory control regions in very young children with ADHD during a modified Kiddie Continuous Performance Task: A fMRI study.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and Its Influence on Psychomotor Development: An Investigation Based on the LAyDI Study (PAPenRed).Nutrients · 2025Article
- Prenatal maternal stress, breastfeeding and offspring ADHD symptoms.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and child neurodevelopment: The role of breastfeeding duration.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Interpregnancy interval and early infant neurodevelopment: the role of maternal-fetal glucose metabolism.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Neonatal risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an umbrella review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2023Article
- Infant feeding practices and autism spectrum disorder in US children aged 2-5 years: the national survey of children's health (NSCH) 2016-2020.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Feeding practice during infancy is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study in South Korea.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral studies have related longer breastfeeding duration to better intellectual performance in children. By contrast, few studies have investigated the potential protective effects of breastfeeding against behavioral problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and even fewer on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) traits.
methodsWe examined the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development, attention, ADHD symptoms, and autistic traits using data from the INMA Project, a Spanish multicenter birth-cohort study, and taking into account the intensity of breastfeeding. Duration of any, predominant, and exclusive breastfeeding was documented during infancy through maternal questionnaires. Children (N = 1,346; mean age = 4.9 y) were assessed using the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test, criteria of the DSM-ADHD symptoms form list, and the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test.
resultsAfter adjustment for several confounders, longer duration of breastfeeding was independently associated with better cognitive development and with fewer autistic traits.
conclusionThis study provides further evidence of a positive association of breastfeeding with cognitive function apart from socio-environmental factors, and also suggests a protective role against autistic traits. Results are in agreement with recommendations for prolonged breastfeeding duration to promote child development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
27846197What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.