ArticleTranslational psychiatry2016
Methylphenidate and the risk of psychotic disorders and hallucinations in children and adolescents in a large health system.
Article in Translational psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occurrence of Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder in Individuals With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated With Stimulants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Risks and Benefits of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication on Behavioral and Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of Pharmacoepidemiology Studies Using Linked Prescription Databases.Biological psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Methylphenidate Treatment and Risk of Psychotic Disorder.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Simvastatin Neuroprotective Properties against Methylphenidate-Induced Neurodegeneration: Histological and Behavioral Evidence.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Article
- Risk of Incident Psychosis and Mania With Prescription Amphetamines.The American journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Practice Pearls for Stimulant Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Youth.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2024Article
- Pharmacotherapy for ADHD in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of different European guidelines.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG).European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Review
- Psychosis Induced by Methylphenidate in Children and Young Patients With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Cureus · 2023Review
- Long-term methylphenidate use for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression, conduct disorder, and psychotic disorder: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study in South Korea.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2022Article
- Stimulant treatment effectiveness, safety and risk for psychosis in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
- Association of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics and Oral Antipsychotics With Disease Relapse, Health Care Use, and Adverse Events Among People With Schizophrenia.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Associations between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorders: analysis from electronic health records in Hong Kong.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Benefits and Limitations of Stimulants in Treating ADHD.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Review
- The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- Article
- Mortality, Revascularization, and Cardioprotective Pharmacotherapy After Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients With Psychotic Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2020Article
- Comorbidity of Narcolepsy and Psychotic Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that risk of psychotic events may be increased in children exposed to methylphenidate (MPH). However, this risk has not been fully examined, and the possibility of confounding factors has not been excluded. Patients aged 6-19 years who received at least one MPH prescription were identified using Hong Kong population-based electronic medical records on the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (2001-2014). Using the self-controlled case series design, relative incidence of psychotic events was calculated comparing periods when patients were exposed to MPH with non-exposed periods. Of 20,586 patients prescribed MPH, 103 had an incident psychotic event; 72 (69.9%) were male and 31 (30.1%) female. The mean age at commencement of observation was 6.95 years and the mean follow-up per participant was 10.16 years. On average, each participant was exposed to MPH for 2.17 years. The overall incidence of psychotic events during the MPH exposure period was 6.14 per 10,000 patient-years. No increased risk was found during MPH-exposed compared with non-exposed periods (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.02 (0.53-1.97)). However, an increased risk was found during the pre-exposure period (IRR 4.64 (2.17-9.92)). Results were consistent across all sensitivity analyses. This study does not support the hypothesis that MPH increases risk of incident psychotic events. It does indicate an increased risk of psychotic events before the first prescription of MPH, which may be because of an association between psychotic events and the behavioural and attentional symptoms that led to psychiatric assessment and initiation of MPH treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.