ArticleInfectious agents and cancer2016
Invasive cervical cancers in the United States, Botswana and Kenya: HPV type distribution and health policy implications.
Article in Infectious agents and cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-synthesis and science mapping analysis of HIV/HPV co-infection: a global perspective with emphasis on Africa.Globalization and health · 2022Pooled it
- Mapping the HPV Detection Landscape in Botswana: A Narrative Review of Diagnostic Platforms and Their Impact on Cervical Cancer Control.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Molecular, immunological and oncogenic mechanisms of cervical cancer mediated by HPV/HIV co-infection, clinical implication and management.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- Scalable long-read nanopore HPV16 amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Acceptability of Pharmacy-Based HPV Vaccination in Western Kenya among Pharmacy Clients and Providers.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Characterization of HPV subtypes in invasive cervical cancer in Botswana patients using a pan-pathogen microarray technology.Tumour virus research · 2023Article
- Genetic diversity in L1 ORF of human papillomavirus in women with cervical cancer with and without human immunodeficiency virus in Botswana and Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in a high HIV setting: A scoping review of a decade of human papillomavirus epidemiological research in Botswana.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Cytological physiognomies and genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses among HPV/HIV co-infected and HPV mono-infected women.African health sciences · 2021Article
- Promoter Hypermethylation Analysis of Host Genes in Cervical Cancer Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Botswana.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- Detection of types of HPV among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Kenyan women undergoing cryotherapy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2020Observational
- Human papillomavirus genotypes in women with invasive cervical cancer with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in Botswana.International journal of cancer · 2020Article
- Human papillomavirus genotype profiles and cytological grades interlinkages in coinfection with HIV.The Pan African medical journal · 2020Article
- Performance of vaginal self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing among women living with HIV in Botswana.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2019Article
- Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Acceptability of Prevention Strategies Among Human Papillomavirus-Vaccinated and Human Papillomavirus-Unvaccinated Adolescent Women in Eldoret, Kenya.BioResearch open access · 2019Article
- Prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus genotypes in patients diagnosed with anogenital malignancies in Botswana.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMore deaths occur in African women from invasive cervical cancer (ICC) than from any other malignancy. ICC is caused by infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accelerates the natural history of ICC, and may influence the HPV type distribution. Because HPV vaccines are available, this malignancy is theoretically preventable, but the vaccines are largely type-specific in protection against infection. Data on specific HPV types causing ICC in African women is limited, and many studies utilized swab samples rather than actual cancer tissue. A previous study using archived, ICC tissue from women in Botswana identified an unusual HPV type distribution. A similar study was therefore performed in a second sub-Saharan country to provide additional information on the HPV type distribution in ICC.
methodsArchived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ICCs were acquired from women in the United States, Kenya, or Botswana. DNA was extracted and HPV genotyping performed by Roche Linear Array. HIV sequences were identified in ICCs by PCR.
resultsHPV types 16 or 18 (HPV 16/18) were identified in 93.5 % of HPV-positive ICCs from the U.S., 93.8 % from Kenya, and 61.8 % from Botswana (
conclusionsHPV 16/18 caused most ICCs from the U.S. and western Kenya. Fewer ICCs contained HPV 16/18 in Botswana. HIV co-infection did not influence the HPV type distribution in ICCs from African women from the two countries. Available HPV vaccines should provide protection against most ICCs in the U.S. and Kenya. The recently developed nanovalent vaccine may be more suitable for countries where non-HPV 16/18 types are frequently detected in ICC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.