ArticleThe American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry2017
Inflammation in Schizophrenia: Cytokine Levels and Their Relationships to Demographic and Clinical Variables.
Article in The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships Between Immune-Inflammatory Features and Social Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels and Anxiety Symptoms in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Developmental Alterations in the Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Along the Perivascular Space Index Suggest Possible Glymphatic-Related Mechanisms Underlying Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance and Psychosis Vulnerability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of rutin, sodium selenite, and rutin-conjugated selenium nanoparticles in a social isolation model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Associations between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hippocampal-prefrontal-ventricular volumes, and clinical profiles in schizophrenia: a biomarker and neuroimaging study in North Sumatera, Indonesia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Ventricular cardiac magnetic resonance traits and schizophrenia risk: a UK Biobank and Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex-specific associations between Neutrophil-Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio(NPAR) and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) with positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Association of neurobiological and immune serum biomarkers with Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with schizophrenia.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Disparities in accelerated brain aging in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Integrated bioinformatics and machine learning identify S100A9 and VGLL1 as hub genes for schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Familial Mediterranean fever association with schizophrenia: insights from big data analysis.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is increased in the acute phase of schizophrenia and regardless the use and types of antipsychotic drugs.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Expression pattern of long non-coding RNAs in treatment-naïve and medicated schizophrenia patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Rest-activity rhythm disruption and metabolic health in schizophrenia: a cross-sectional actigraphy study of community-dwelling people living with schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric comparison participants.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Article
- The relationship between inflammatory markers, clinical characteristics, and cognitive performance in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Correlation of Immune-Inflammatory Response System (IRS)/Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) with White Matter Integrity in First-Episode Patients with Schizophrenia.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Executive functioning trajectories and their prospective association with inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia and non-psychiatric comparison participants.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2024Article
- Serum HMGB1 and Beclin 1 Levels in Patients with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- The association between peripheral inflammation, brain glutamate and antipsychotic response in Schizophrenia: Data from the STRATA collaboration.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- An NIMH Workshop on Non-Affective Psychosis in Midlife and Beyond: Research Agenda on Phenomenology, Clinical Trajectories, Underlying Mechanisms, and Intervention Targets.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2023Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInflammation may play a role in the accelerated physical aging reported in schizophrenia, though biomarker findings and associations with demographic and clinical factors are inconsistent.
methodsIn a cross-sectional, case-control design, 95 outpatients with schizophrenia (mean age ± SD: 48.1 ± 10.2 years) and 95 demographically comparable healthy comparison subjects (HCs) (mean age ± SD: 48.1 ± 12.1 years) were studied. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were assayed. The authors compared cytokine levels, examined demographic and clinical associations, and adjusted for relevant variables with linear models.
resultsIndividuals with schizophrenia had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 but not IFN-γ than HCs. Age was not related to cytokine levels, and age relationships did not differ between diagnostic groups. Women had higher levels of IL-6. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, and adjustment for depression reduced the group effect for both. Within the HCs, TNF-α levels were associated with physical comorbidity and body mass index. IL-6 levels were significantly correlated with body mass index and within schizophrenia patients, with worse mental and physical well-being. Accounting for physical morbidity and mental well-being reduced group differences in TNF-α and IL-6 levels, respectively. Worse positive symptoms were associated with higher IL-6 levels.
conclusionHigher TNF-α and IL-6 levels in schizophrenia patients were associated with depression, physical comorbidity, and mental well-being. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to assess inflammation as a potential treatment target for a subgroup of schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
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