ArticleBMC veterinary research2016
Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting West Nile virus circulation: a 20-year spatiotemporal study in humans and animals in Spain, 2003 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Cervids as a Promising Pillar of an Integrated Surveillance System for Emerging Infectious Diseases in Hungary: A Pilot Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Tracking WNV transmission with a combined dog and wild boar surveillance system.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Usutu virus-induced meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent mice is characterized by the recruitment of mononuclear cells and a proinflammatory T helper 1 response.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Exposure to West Nile Virus in Wild Lagomorphs in Spanish Mediterranean Ecosystems.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Virulence and transmission vary between Usutu virus lineages in Culex pipiens.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Tick-borne zoonotic flaviviruses andOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Review
- West Nile Virus Monitoring in Flanders (Belgium) During 2022-2023 Reveals Endemic Usutu Virus Circulation in Birds.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- Reconstruction of the molecular evolution of Usutu virus in Germany: Insights into virus emersion and circulation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus transmission in emerging scenarios.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Usutu virus: An emerging flavivirus with potential threat to public health in Africa: Nigeria as a case study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Analysis of avian Usutu virus infections in Germany from 2011 to 2018 with focus on dsRNA detection to demonstrate viral infections.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Pathogenesis and shedding of Usutu virus in juvenile chickens.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations.Viruses · 2021Review
- Differential pathogenesis of Usutu virus isolates in mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Review
- Epidemiology of Usutu Virus: The European Scenario.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDuring the last decade, the spread of many flaviviruses (Genus Flavivirus) has been reported, representing an emerging threat for both animal and human health. To further study utility of wild ruminant samples in West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance, we assessed spatio-temporal trends and factors associated with WNV and cross-reacting flaviviruses exposure, particularly Usutu virus (USUV) and Meaban virus (MBV), in wild ruminants in Spain. Serum samples from 4693 wild ruminants, including 3073 free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus), 201 fallow deer (Dama dama), 125 mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), 32 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 1262 farmed red deer collected in 2003-2014, were screened for WNV and antigenically-related flavivirus antibodies using a blocking ELISA (bELISA). Positive samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV by virus micro-neutralization tests.
resultsMean flavivirus seroprevalence according to bELISA was 3.4 ± 0.5 % in red deer, 1.0 ± 1.4 % in fallow deer, 2.4 ± 2.7 % in mouflon and 0 % in roe deer. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed as main risk factors for seropositivity in red deer; year (2011), the specific south-coastal bioregion (bioregion 5) and presence of wetlands. Red deer had neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV.
conclusionsThe results indicate endemic circulation of WNV, USUV and MBV in Spanish red deer, even in areas without known flavivirus outbreaks. WNV antibodies detected in a free-living red deer yearling sampled in 2010, confirmed circulation this year. Co-circulation of WNV and USUV was detected in bioregions 3 and 5, and of WNV and MBV in bioregion 3. Sampling of hunted and farmed wild ruminants, specifically of red deer yearlings, could be a complementary way to national surveillance programs to monitor the activity of emerging flaviviruses.
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