ArticleNutrients2016
Colostrum and Mature Human Milk of Women from London, Moscow, and Verona: Determinants of Immune Composition.
Article in Nutrients, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2026Article
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- Determinants of Timing of Breastfeeding Initiation at Pumwani Maternity Hospital in Kenya: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Early-Life Environmental Determinants of Allergic Conditions in Children with Atopic Heredity: A Single Center Cross-Sectional Study from Bulgaria.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pilot Study of Growth Factors in Colostrum: How Delivery Mode and Maternal Health Impact IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and TGF-β Levels in Polish Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- [Mammary epithelial cells from women synthetize omega-3 and 6 fatty acids].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2025Observational
- Human milk whey proteins: Constituents, influencing factors, detection methods, and comparative analysis with other sources.Food chemistry: X · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of Angora Rabbit Colostrum and Mature Milk Using Quantitative Proteomics.Biology · 2024Article
- Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2023Article
- Exploring dynamic change and influencing factors of TGF-β1 and MUC1 in human breast milk, and their association with infantile diseases.Translational pediatrics · 2023Article
- Article
- Breast milk immune composition varies during the transition stage of lactation: characterization of immunotypes in the MAMI cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice among lactating mothers in Noakhali, Bangladesh.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Digested Human Colostrum Reduces Interleukin-8 Production in Induced Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding and Vitamin D Supplementation: A Positive Synergistic Effect on Prevention of Childhood Infections?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Nutrition and Nutrients in Prevention and Treatment.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors in colostrum and mature milk may play an important role in infant immune maturation, and may vary significantly between populations. We aimed to examine associations between environmental and maternal factors, and human milk (HM) cytokine and growth factor levels. We recruited 398 pregnant/lactating women in the United Kingdom, Russia, and Italy. Participants underwent skin prick testing, questionnaire interview, and colostrum and mature milk sampling. HM cytokine and growth factor levels were quantified by electro-chemiluminescence. We found significant geographical variation in growth factor levels, but no evidence of variation between sites in cytokine detectability. There was an inverse correlation between time of milk sampling and growth factor levels in colostrum for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and TGFβ1 and TGFβ3, but not TGFβ2, and levels were significantly higher in colostrum than mature milk for all growth factors. The kinetics of decline were different for each growth factor. Cytokines were present at much lower levels than growth factors, and the decline over time was less consistent. HM growth factors and cytokine levels vary between populations for unknown reasons. Levels of HM mediators decline at different rates postpartum, and these findings suggest specific biological roles for HM growth factors and cytokines in early postnatal development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.