ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2017
Sex estimation from the long bones of modern South Africans.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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25 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning algorithms in the estimation of sex from 3DCT-generated cranial and pelvic measurements.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Computed tomography as a solution to skeletal collection limitations: exploring cranial variation in the South African population.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Constancy of Sexual Dimorphism in the Infracranial Skeleton.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the accuracy of sex estimation from human tooth volume: leveraging automated AI segmentation and comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms.Head & face medicine · 2026Article
- Population-specific validation of long bone linear discriminant analysis against morphoscopic pelvic methods for sex estimation in contemporary Italian skeletal remains.Journal of forensic sciences · 2026Article
- Interpretable machine learning for individualized sex estimation from long bones.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Radiographic femoral measurements for sex and species classification in dogs and cats using machine learning.Journal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- The impact of age-related changes in the skull on sex estimation using morphoscopic traits.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Sex assessment from contemporary Mexican postcranial long bones.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- The estimation of biological sex through the radius and ulna in Portuguese reference skeletal samples.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Forensic skeletal and molecular anthropology face to face: Combining expertise for identification of human remains.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism of the humerus bones in a French sample: comparison of several statistical models including machine learning models.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of standards for sex estimation using measurements obtained from reconstructed computed tomography images of the femur of contemporary Black South Africans.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Classification performance of the Sella-Tunis et al. (2017) sex estimation method in Czech population: different posterior probability threshold approaches.International journal of legal medicine · 2024Article
- Estimation of population affinity using proximal femoral measurements based on computed tomographic images in the Japanese and western Australian populations.International journal of legal medicine · 2024Article
- Sex estimation using maxillary sinus volume for Chinese subjects based on cone-beam computed tomography.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Sex estimation from long bones: a machine learning approach.International journal of legal medicine · 2023Article
- A new method for sex estimation based on femoral cross-sectional geometry measurements and its validation using recent and ancient populations.International journal of legal medicine · 2023Article
- Sex assessment using the radius bone in a French sample when applying various statistical models.International journal of legal medicine · 2023Article
- Machine learning and discriminant function analysis in the formulation of generic models for sex prediction using patella measurements.International journal of legal medicine · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Best scientific practice for sex estimation incorporates accurate techniques that employ appropriate standards and population- and period-specific data. Single measurements provide accurate sex estimations, but multiple measurements and multivariate techniques offer greater validity to biological profile assessments. Appropriate, modern standards for sex estimation are limited to the cranium in South Africans (SA), which warrants the examination of the potential for sex estimation using the postcrania of socially defined SA blacks, whites and coloureds through multivariate models and advanced statistical techniques. A total of 39 standard osteometric measurements were taken from the postcrania of 360 socially defined SA blacks, whites and coloureds (equal sex and ancestry). Univariate and multivariate models were evaluated. Multivariate models, with cross-validation and equal priors, were explored with linear and flexible discriminant analysis (LDA and FDA, respectively). Classification accuracies associated with univariate models ranged from 56 to 89%, whereas multivariate classification accuracies using bone models (i.e. all measurements from one element) ranged from 75 to 91%. The highest correct classifications were achieved with multivariate subsets (i.e. combinations of measurements from different bones) and ranged from 90 to 98%. Overall, FDA and LDA yielded similar accuracy rates. Postcranial bones achieve comparable classification accuracies to the pelvis and higher accuracies than metric or morphological techniques using the cranium. While LDA is the most commonly used classification statistic in biological anthropology, FDA provides a good alternative for classification.
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