ArticlePatient preference and adherence2016
A socioeconomic and behavioral survey of patients with difficult-to-control type 2 diabetes mellitus reveals an association between diabetic retinopathy and educational attainment.
Article in Patient preference and adherence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Prevalence and Progression of Microvascular Complications and the Interaction With Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Pooled it
- Socioeconomic status and time in glucose target range in people with type 2 diabetes: a baseline analysis of the GP-OSMOTIC study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2018Trial
- Socioeconomic Status, Modifiable Factors, and Risk of Microvascular Complications in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study From the UK Biobank.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Association of socioeconomic status with diabetic microvascular complications: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Narrative review of comprehensive management strategies for diabetic retinopathy: interdisciplinary approaches and future perspectives.BMJ public health · 2025Review
- Prevalence and factors associated with Diabetes retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients at Northwest Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia 2021.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Time and risk preferences and the perceived effectiveness of incentives to comply with diabetic retinopathy screening among older adults with type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Developing Diabetes and Diabetes Medication Use.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic disparity in global vision loss burden due to diabetic retinopathy: an analysis on time trends from 1990 to 2017.Endocrine · 2021Article
- Risk Preferences, Rationality of Choices, and Willingness to Pay for Preventive Medicine in Patients with Graves' Thyrotoxicosis.Patient preference and adherence · 2021Article
- Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Southwest Ethiopia: a facility-based case-control study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Irrational Responses to Risk Preference Questionnaires by Patients with Diabetes with or without Retinopathy and Comparison with Those without Diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2020Article
- Utilization patterns of insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes from national health insurance claims data in South Korea.PloS one · 2019Article
- Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy with Gla-300 During Hospitalization Reduces Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe have recently reported that the attitude of patients toward risk could be a factor in the progression of diabetic complications. In general, risk preference is closely related to socioeconomic status (SES), which includes factors such as age, sex, income, and educational attainment.
objectiveWe aimed to determine the effect of SES and behavioral propensity on the progress of diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsWe conducted a survey of 238 patients with difficult-to-control T2DM treated at a hospital in Japan using a modified behavioral economics questionnaire that included questions related to SES. The patients had been referred by general practitioners or other departments in the hospital because of poor metabolic control or unstable complications.
resultsEducational attainment was significantly associated with progression of retinopathy in patients <65 years of age. Educational attainment of a high school diploma (12 years of education) or lower was a significant risk factor, but there were no differences among levels of attainment beyond high school (13-16 years or more of education). Behavioral propensities were also weakly associated with complications, but not as much as educational attainment. Personal income level and economic status did not show an association with the retinopathy levels.
conclusionLower educational attainment is a strong risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and it is independent of the economic status. The result suggests that cognitive function may play an important role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with T2DM.
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