ArticleScientific reports2016
Axl is required for TGF-β2-induced dormancy of prostate cancer cells in the bone marrow.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- A CTC/DTC-centered temporal framework of bone metastasis: From dissemination to dormancy and reactivation.Journal of bone oncology · 2026Review
- Proteoglycans as Molecular Regulators of Bone Metastasis: Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Tumor-Bone Crosstalk, Dormancy, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- The sleeping threat: targeting cancer dormancy to transform metastasis therapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy, EMP and dormancy in TME: An integrated perspective on tumor microenvironments and long-term relapse.iScience · 2026Review
- Intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of cancer dormancy and awakening.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2026Review
- TGFβ induces an atypical EMT to evade immune mechanosurveillance in lung adenocarcinoma dormant metastasis.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- Plexin A2 Knockdown Enhances Apoptosis in Chemotherapy Treated Melanoma Cells.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Phytohormone Signaling Induces Dormancy and Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Disseminated Tumor Cells.Medical research archives · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV2 and Anti-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Is There a Plausible Mechanistic Link with Cancer?Cancers · 2025Review
- Lung endothelial PEAR1 induces tumor cell dormancy.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
- Cancer Cell Dormancy in the Bone Microenvironment.Current osteoporosis reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Neuropilin-2 upregulation by stromal TGFβ1 induces lung disseminated tumor cells dormancy escape and promotes metastasis outgrowth.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Understanding Tumor Dormancy: from Experimental Models to Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Clinical applications of circulating tumor cells in metastasis and therapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- A Pilot Study of the Combination of 5-Azacitidine and All-trans Retinoic Acid in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Macrophage regulation of tumor cell dormancy and the dormant niche: an overview in solid tumors.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Bridging the Gap in Breast Cancer Dormancy: Models, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor and Bone Microenvironment.Cancer management and research · 2025Review
- Role of exosomes in transforming growth factor-β-mediated cancer cell plasticity and drug resistance.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Disseminated prostate cancer (PCa) cells in the marrow survive for years without evidence of proliferation, while maintaining the capacity to develop into metastatic lesions. These dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) may reside in close proximity to osteoblasts, while expressing high levels of Axl, one of the tyrosine kinase receptors for growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6). Yet how Axl regulates DTC proliferation in marrow remains undefined. Here, we explored the impact of the loss of Axl in PCa cells (PC3 and DU145) on the induction of their dormancy when they are co-cultured with a pre-osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. MC3T3-E1 cells dramatically decrease the proliferation of PCa cells, however this suppressive effect of osteoblasts is significantly reduced by the reduction of Axl expression in PCa cells. Interestingly, expression of both TGF-β and its receptors were regulated by Axl expression in PCa cells, while specific blockade of TGF-β signaling limited the ability of the osteoblasts to induce dormancy of PCa cells. Finally, we found that both Gas6 and Axl are required for TGF-β2-mediated cell growth suppression. Taken together, these data suggest that a loop between the Gas6/Axl axis and TGF-β2 signaling plays a significant role in the induction of PCa cell dormancy.
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Registered trials
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