ArticleJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2017
Sodium Intake among US School-Aged Children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012.
Article in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Guideline
- Brazilian Children's Dietary Intake in Relation to Brazil's New Nutrition Guidelines: a Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2019Pooled it
- Repeated Exposure to Low-Sodium Cereal Affects Acceptance but Does not Shift Taste Preferences or Detection Thresholds of Children in a Randomized Clinical Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2019Trial
- Beyond genetics: how environmental stressors drive pediatric hypertension risk.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Cluster-Based Evaluation of Dietary Guideline Adherence and Food Literacy Among Adolescents: Implications for Tailored Diets.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Sodium Sources and Sodium Reduction Behaviors Among US Adults: NHANES 2017 to 2020 Prepandemic.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Consumption of beef sandwiches in the United States and contributions to intake of energy and select nutrients.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The impact of sodium reduction on overall nutrient content in Child and Adult Care Food Program meals.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population's Health.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Dietary Patterns of Adolescents from the Chilean Growth and Obesity Cohort Study Indicate Poor Dietary Quality.Nutrients · 2020Article
- The Use of Added Salt and Sugar in the Diet of Polish and Austrian Toddlers. Associated Factors and Dietary Patterns, Feeding and Maternal Practices.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Salt need needs investigation.The British journal of nutrition · 2020Review
- Diet quality of children in the United States by body mass index and sociodemographic characteristics.Obesity science & practice · 2020Article
- Simulating the impact of sodium reduction from packaged foods on population sodium intake in US adults and children.Public health nutrition · 2020Article
- Current Sodium Intakes in the United States and the Modelling of Glutamate's Incorporation into Select Savory Products.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Sodium Intake from Foods Exceeds Recommended Limits in the Spanish Population: The ANIBES Study.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Estimation of salt intake and excretion in children in one region of Switzerland: a cross-sectional study.European journal of nutrition · 2019Article
- Trends in Blood Pressure and Usual Dietary Sodium Intake Among Children and Adolescents, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2016.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2019Article
- Top food sources of percentage of energy, nutrients to limit and total gram amount consumed among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014.Public health nutrition · 2019Article
- Beyond Meat: A Comparison of the Dietary Intakes of Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian Adolescents.Frontiers in nutrition · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying current major dietary sources of sodium can enhance strategies to reduce excess sodium intake, which occurs among 90% of US school-aged children.
objectiveTo describe major food sources, places obtained, and eating occasions contributing to sodium intake among US school-aged children.
designCross-sectional analysis of data from the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS/
settingA nationally representative sample of 2,142 US children aged 6 to 18 years who completed a 24-hour dietary recall.
main outcome measuresPopulation proportions of sodium intake from major food categories, places, and eating occasions. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Statistical analyses accounted for the complex survey design and sampling. Wald F tests and t tests were used to examine differences between subgroups.
resultsAverage daily sodium intake was highest among adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (3,565±120 mg), lowest among girls (2,919±74 mg). Little variation was seen in average intakes or the top five sodium contributors by sociodemographic characteristics or weight status. Ten food categories contributed to almost half (48%) of US school-aged children's sodium intake, and included pizza, Mexican-mixed dishes, sandwiches, breads, cold cuts, soups, savory snacks, cheese, plain milk, and poultry. More than 80 food categories contributed to the other half of children's sodium intake. Foods obtained from stores contributed 58% of sodium intake, fast-food/pizza restaurants contributed 16%, and school cafeterias contributed 10%. Thirty-nine percent of sodium intake was consumed at dinner, 31% at lunch, 16% from snacks, and 14% at breakfast.
conclusionsWith the exception of plain milk, which naturally contains sodium, the top 10 food categories contributing to US schoolchildren's sodium intake during 2011-2012 comprised foods in which sodium is added during processing or preparation. Sodium is consumed throughout the day from multiple foods and locations, highlighting the importance of sodium reduction across the US food supply.
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