ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2016
Distribution and Quantification of Choroidal Macrophages in Human Eyes With Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tissue-resident macrophages maintain choroidal homeostasis by complement dependent and independent mechanisms.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Choroidal Vascular Findings in a Case of Multifocal Geographic Atrophy: A Clinicopathologic Correlation.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Inhibition of Pathological Mitochondrial Fission in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mitigates Choroidal Neovascularization.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The gut-retina axis in age-related macular degeneration: immune crosstalk and metabolite production.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Principles of resident tissue macrophages revealed by the eye.Advances in immunology · 2026Review
- Time Course of Structural, Functional, Complement Changes and Inflammatory Processes in a Sodium Iodate Rat Model of Geographic Atrophy.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Hypertransmission and Vision in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Longitudinal Data From ALSTAR2.American journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Evaluating the quantity and spatial density of macrophage-like cells in patients with retinal vascular disease and healthy subjects via non-invasive retinal imaging.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Prenatally derived macrophages support choroidal health and decline in age-related macular degeneration.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- The role of IGF2BP2 in macrophage-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of dry AMD.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Article
- Macrophages and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Elevation of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Human AMD Donor RPE-Choroid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Intravitreal Metformin Protects Against Choroidal Neovascularization and Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Mast cells promote choroidal neovascularization in a model of age-related macular degeneration.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Melanopsin in the human and chicken choroid.Experimental eye research · 2024Article
- H-151, a Selective STING Inhibitor, Has Potential as a Treatment for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Multifunctional nano-in-micro delivery systems for targeted therapy in fundus neovascularization diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Complement regulation in the eye: implications for age-related macular degeneration.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIncreasing evidence suggests a role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study examined choroidal macrophages and their activation in postmortem eyes from subjects with and without AMD.
methodsChoroids were incubated with anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (anti-IBA1) to label macrophages, anti-human leukocyte antigen-antigen D-related (anti-HLA-DR) as a macrophage activation marker, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin lectin to label blood vessels. Whole mounts were imaged using confocal microscopy. IBA1- and HLA-DR-positive (activated) cells were counted in submacula, paramacula, and nonmacula, and cell volume and sphericity were determined using computer-assisted image analysis.
resultsIn aged control eyes, the mean number of submacular IBA1+ and HLA-DR+ macrophages was 433/mm2 and 152/mm2, respectively. In early AMD eyes, there was a significant increase in IBA1+ and HLA-DR+ cells in submacula compared to those in controls (P = 0.0015 and P = 0.008, respectively). In eyes with neovascular AMD, there were significantly more HLA-DR+ cells associated with submacular choroidal neovascularization (P = 0.001). Mean cell volume was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.02), and sphericity was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.005) in all AMD groups compared to controls.
conclusionsThe average number of IBA1+ macrophages in submacular and paramacular choroid was significantly higher in early/intermediate AMD compared to that in aged controls. HLA-DR+ submacular macrophages were significantly increased in all stages of AMD, and they were significantly more round and smaller in size in the submacular AMD choroid, suggesting their activation. These findings support the concept that AMD is an inflammatory disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.