ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
Modulation of the Immune Response by Nematode Secreted Acetylcholinesterase Revealed by Heterologous Expression in Trypanosoma musculi.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kinetoplast DNA structure, RNA editing patterns and small respiratory Complex I in Trypanosoma musculi.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Modulation of the Immune Response by Nematode Derived Molecules.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Tuft cell acetylcholine is released into the gut lumen to promote anti-helminth immunity.Immunity · 2024Article
- The Coincidental Evolution of Virulence Partially Explains the Virulence in a Generalist Entomopathogenic.Acta parasitologica · 2023Article
- The Immune Response to Nematode Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Novel insertions in the mitochondrial maxicircle ofParasitology · 2022Article
- Differential Regulation of Allergic Airway Inflammation by Acetylcholine.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Tuft Cells Increase Following Ovine Intestinal Parasite Infections and Define Evolutionarily Conserved and Divergent Responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Lentiviral transduction facilitates RNA interference in the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Taenia larvae possess distinct acetylcholinesterase profiles with implications for host cholinergic signalling.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Immunomodulation and Immune Escape Strategies of Gastrointestinal Helminths and Schistosomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Novel cholinesterase paralogs of Schistosoma mansoni have perceived roles in cholinergic signalling and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Investigating immune responses to parasites using transgenesis.Parasites & vectors · 2019Review
- Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules.Immunity · 2018Review
- First Responders: Innate Immunity to Helminths.Trends in parasitology · 2018Review
- Polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes exert in vitro and in vivo nematocidal activity and show significant inhibition of parasite acetylcholinesterases.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2018Article
- Trypanosomatid Infections: How Do Parasites and Their Excreted-Secreted Factors Modulate the Inducible Metabolism of l-Arginine in Macrophages?Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- The genomic basis of nematode parasitism.Briefings in functional genomics · 2018Review
- Acetylcholinesterase and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Schistosomes and Other Parasitic Helminths.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Nematode parasites secrete molecules which regulate the mammalian immune system, but their genetic intractability is a major impediment to identifying and characterising the biological effects of these molecules. We describe here a novel system for heterologous expression of helminth secreted proteins in the natural parasite of mice, Trypanosoma musculi, which can be used to analyse putative immunomodulatory functions. Trypanosomes were engineered to express a secreted acetylcholinesterase from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Infection of mice with transgenic parasites expressing acetylcholinesterase resulted in truncated infection, with trypanosomes cleared early from the circulation. Analysis of cellular phenotypes indicated that exposure to acetylcholinesterase in vivo promoted classical activation of macrophages (M1), with elevated production of nitric oxide and lowered arginase activity. This most likely occurred due to the altered cytokine environment, as splenocytes from mice infected with T. musculi expressing acetylcholinesterase showed enhanced production of IFNγ and TNFα, with diminished IL-4, IL-13 and IL-5. These results suggest that one of the functions of nematode secreted acetylcholinesterase may be to alter the cytokine environment in order to inhibit development of M2 macrophages which are deleterious to parasite survival. Transgenic T. musculi represents a valuable new vehicle to screen for novel immunoregulatory proteins by extracellular delivery in vivo to the murine host.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.