ReviewNeural plasticity2016
Paired Stimulation to Promote Lasting Augmentation of Corticospinal Circuits.
Review in Neural plasticity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation enhances ballistic motor learning and corticospinal plasticity in older adults.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Timing-dependent synergies between noninvasive motor cortex and spinal cord stimulation in chronic cervical spinal cord injury.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Electrophysiological evidence of Hebbian plasticity in awake adult rats.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Dual electrical stimulation at spinal-muscular interface reconstructs spinal sensorimotor circuits after spinal cord injury.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Updating perspectives on spinal cord function: motor coordination, timing, relational processing, and memory below the brain.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2024Review
- Spinal cord associative plasticity improves forelimb sensorimotor function after cervical injury.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Posteroanterior Cervical Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation: Interactions with Cortical and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Targeting Sensory and Motor Integration for Recovery of Movement After CNS Injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- Learning to promote recovery after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2020Review
- State-Dependent Gain Modulation of Spinal Motor Output.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- Independent replication of motor cortex and cervical spinal cord electrical stimulation to promote forelimb motor function after spinal cord injury in rats.Experimental neurology · 2019Article
- Recruitment of Additional Corticospinal Pathways in the Human Brain with State-Dependent Paired Associative Stimulation.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2018Article
- Paired motor cortex and cervical epidural electrical stimulation timed to converge in the spinal cord promotes lasting increases in motor responses.The Journal of physiology · 2017Article
- Long-Term Paired Associative Stimulation Enhances Motor Output of the Tetraplegic Hand.Journal of neurotrauma · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
After injury, electrical stimulation of the nervous system can augment plasticity of spared or latent circuits through focal modulation. Pairing stimulation of two parts of a spared circuit can target modulation more specifically to the intended circuit. We discuss 3 kinds of paired stimulation in the context of the corticospinal system, because of its importance in clinical neurorehabilitation. The first uses principles of Hebbian plasticity: by altering the stimulation timing of presynaptic neurons and their postsynaptic targets, synapse function can be modulated up or down. The second form uses synchronized presynaptic inputs onto a common synaptic target. We dub this a "convergent" mechanism, because stimuli have to converge on a common target with coordinated timing. The third form induces focal modulation by tonic excitation of one region (e.g., the spinal cord) during phasic stimulation of another (e.g., motor cortex). Additionally, endogenous neural activity may be paired with exogenous electrical stimulation. This review addresses what is known about paired stimulation of the corticospinal system of both humans and animal models, emphasizes how it qualitatively differs from single-site stimulation, and discusses the gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to maximize its use and efficacy in neurorehabilitation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.