ArticleNature genetics2016
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages.
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Article in Nature genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04975178 (Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of MTBVAC in Healthy HIV Unexposed), which is not on this map. Cited by 250 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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250citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of MTBVAC in Healthy HIV Unexposed (HU) and HIV Exposed Uninfected (HEU) Newborns in Tuberculosis-Endemic Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa
Who cites it
250 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Distribution of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lineages and Sublineages by Drug Profile in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Pooled it
- Reporting practices for genomic epidemiology of tuberculosis: a systematic review of the literature using STROME-ID guidelines as a benchmark.The Lancet. Microbe · 2021Pooled it
- Variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure in Iran: a systemic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Molecular epidemiology of M. tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019Pooled it
- Association between human genomes and mycobacterial genomes contributes to severity and transmissibility of pulmonary tuberculosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Human Genetic Variation Associates With Infection by Derived Ugandan M. tuberculosis Lineage.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Migration and tuberculosis transmission in Hamburg, Germany: insights from 25 years of molecular epidemiology.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative genomics and epidemic success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 in eastern China.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Reference-free clustering as an epidemiological tool forMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Whole-genome sequencing suggests recent transmission of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Botswana.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The global phylogeography of rapidly expanding multidrug resistant Ural lineage 4.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Human genetic ancestry,eLife · 2026Article
- First insight of characteristics and prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance by whole genome sequencing in Fujian Province, China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SNP-Based Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains using TaqMan PCR.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Article
- Transmission heterogeneity amongiScience · 2026Article
- Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in Libya, 1970-2024: A Systematic Meta-Analysis with Projections to 2050.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Frameshift Mutation in the MethyltransferaseComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Genomic epidemiology of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of drug-resistantFrontiers in tuberculosis · 2026Article
190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
75 authors.
David Stucki *Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Daniela Brites *Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Leïla Jeljeli *Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.
Mireia CoscollaSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Qingyun LiuThe Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Andrej TraunerSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Lukas FennerSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Liliana RutaihwaSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Sonia BorrellSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Tao LuoLaboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
Qian GaoThe Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Midori Kato-MaedaSchool of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Marie BallifSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Matthias EggerInstitute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
Rita MacedoLaboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon, Portugal.
Helmi MardassiInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
Milagros MorenoHospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela, Angola.
Griselda Tudo VilanovaServei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
Janet FyfeVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.
Maria GlobanVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.
Jackson ThomasIfakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
Frances JamiesonPublic Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
Jennifer L GuthriePublic Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
Adwoa Asante-PokuNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Dorothy Yeboah-ManuNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Eddie WampandeDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Willy SsengoobaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Moses JolobaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
W Henry BoomDepartment of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
Indira BasuLabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
James BowerLabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
Margarida SaraivaLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Sidra E G VaconcellosOswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.
Philip SuffysOswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.
Anastasia KochInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Robert WilkinsonInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Linda Gail-BekkerInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Bijaya MallaSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Serej D LeySwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Hans-Peter BeckSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Bouke C de JongInsitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Kadri ToitTartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.
Elisabeth Sanchez-PadillaClinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.
Maryline BonnetClinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.
Ana Gil-BrusolaDepartment of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
Matthias FrankInstitute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Veronique N Penlap BengInstitute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Kathleen EisenachDepartment of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
Issam AlaniDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
Perpetual Wangui Ndung'uInstitute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya.
Gunturu RevathiDepartment of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi, Kenya.
Florian GehreInsitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Suriya AkterInsitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Francine NtoumiInstitute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Lynsey Stewart-IsherwoodRight to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Nyanda E NtinginyaNational Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania.
Andrea RachowDivision of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.
Michael HoelscherDivision of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.
Daniela Maria CirilloEmerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Girts SkendersRiga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia.
Sven HoffnerWHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
Daiva BakonyteDepartment of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Petras StakenasDepartment of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Roland DielInstitute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.
Valeriu CruduNational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
Olga Moldovan'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest, Romania.
Sahal Al-HajojDepartment of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Larissa OteroInstituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Francesca BarlettaInstituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
E Jane CarterAlpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Lameck DieroMoi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.
Philip SupplyUniv. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
Iñaki ComasInstitute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia, Spain.
Stefan NiemannForschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.
Sebastien GagneuxSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Funding
Observational Antiretroviral Studies In Southern Africa (OASIS) CollaborationU01AI069924 · NIAID · UNIVERSITAT BERN · PI Cleophas Chimbetete, Mary-Ann Davies · 2006 to 2026
$55.9MEuropean Research Council 309540NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069924World Health Organization 001
Abstract
Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most common generalist sublineage. Hence, the global success of lineage 4 reflects distinct strategies adopted by different sublineages and the influence of human migration.
Indexed as
DNA, BacterialGenomicsGenotypeGlobal HealthHumansMycobacterium tuberculosisPhylogeographyPolymorphism, GeneticTuberculosisDNA, Bacterial
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Registered trials
NCT04975178ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.