ArticleThe journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society2017
Antigen Masking During Fixation and Embedding, Dissected.
Article in The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
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- A human-on-human assay for detecting anti-myocardial antibodies in patients with myocardial disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunohistochemistry for PTEN testing in HR +/HER2- metastatic breast cancer.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2025Review
- Paired Analyses of Nuclear Protein Targets and Genomic DNA by Single-Cell Western Blot and Single-Cell PCR.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Trastuzumab-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Enhances Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in HER2-Overexpressing Ovarian Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Optimized Protocol for Intestinal Swiss Rolls and Immunofluorescent Staining of Paraffin Embedded Tissue.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2024Article
- Using digital pathology to analyze the murine cerebrovasculature.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Article
- Immunocytochemistry on frozen-embedded cell block for the diagnosis of hematolymphoid cytology specimen: a straightforward alternative to the conventional cell block.Journal of hematopathology · 2024Article
- Tunable PhenoCycler imaging of the murine pre-clinical tumour microenvironments.Cell & bioscience · 2024Article
- Myelin histology: a key tool in nervous system research.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- A Dynamic Balance between Neuronal Death and Clearance in anThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry with colorimetric staining (QUIVER) may still benefit from MILAN.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- Epitope Lability of Phosphorylated Biomarkers of the DNA Damage Response Pathway Results in Increased Vulnerability to Effects of Delayed or Incomplete Formalin Fixation.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society · 2023Article
- Combining RNAscope and immunohistochemistry to visualize inflammatory gene products in neurons and microglia.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Histological Methods to Assess Skeletal Muscle Degeneration and Regeneration in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Enzyme-labeled Antigen Method: Factors Influencing the Deterioration of Antigen-binding Activity of Specific Antibodies during Formalin Fixation and Paraffin Embedding.Acta histochemica et cytochemica · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antigen masking in routinely processed tissue is a poorly understood process caused by multiple factors. We sought to dissect the effect on antigenicity of each step of processing by using frozen sections as proxies of the whole tissue. An equivalent extent of antigen masking occurs across variable fixation times at room temperature. Most antigens benefit from longer fixation times (>24 hr) for optimal detection after antigen retrieval (AR; for example, Ki-67, bcl-2, ER). The transfer to a graded alcohol series results in an enhanced staining effect, reproduced by treating the sections with detergents, possibly because of a better access of the polymeric immunohistochemical detection system to tissue structures. A second round of masking occurs upon entering the clearing agent, mostly at the paraffin embedding step. This may depend on the non-freezable water removal. AR fully reverses the masking due both to the fixation time and the paraffin embedding. AR itself destroys some epitopes which do not survive routine processing. Processed frozen sections are a tool to investigate fixation and processing requirements for antigens in routine specimens.
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