ArticleOncotarget2016
E-cigarettes and flavorings induce inflammatory and pro-senescence responses in oral epithelial cells and periodontal fibroblasts.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International dental journal · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Pooled it
- Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Pooled it
- A Narrative Review on the Impact of ENDS Use on Clinical, Inflammatory and Microbiological Periodontal-Related Parameters.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Impact of e-cigarette vaping on the immune system across the body.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Vape flavoring chemicals and oral fibroblast viability.Anatomy & cell biology · 2026Review
- Salivary RANKL/OPG and Periodontal Status Among Users of Heated Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Versus Non-Smokers: A Prospective Observational Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Uveitis Associated with Conventional Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Ageing of the Oral Mucosa: Mechanisms and Consequences.International dental journal · 2026Review
- To Vape or Not to Vape: Oral Health in the Age of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems.International dental journal · 2026Review
- Cigarette and e-cigarette smoking as associated factors of gingivitis in 15-year-olds: a cross-sectional study in Poland.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vaping induces a marked pro-inflammatory state within the lung, which is at least partially due to its immunomodulatory effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- E-cigarettes and periodontal health: current evidence and research gaps.Brazilian oral research · 2026Review
- Sweet apple e-cigarette vapor differentially modulates the mTOR pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Differences in e-cigarette use, dependence, and knowledge between health and social sciences university students in Costa Rica.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Multidimensional exposure architecture shapes vaping-associated transcriptomic dysregulation in oral epithelium.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Awareness and use of e-cigarettes among Filipino adults: evidence from the 2015 and 2021 Global Adult Tobacco Surveys.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Analysing the acute toxicity of e-cigarette liquids and their vapour on human lung epithelial (A549) cellsToxicology reports · 2025Article
- Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs) represent a significant and increasing proportion of tobacco product consumption, which may pose an oral health concern. Oxidative/carbonyl stress via protein carbonylation is an important factor in causing inflammation and DNA damage. This results in stress-induced premature senescence (a state of irreversible growth arrest which re-enforces chronic inflammation) in gingival epithelium, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of oral diseases. We show that e-cigs with flavorings cause increased oxidative/carbonyl stress and inflammatory cytokine release in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, Human Gingival Epithelium Progenitors pooled (HGEPp), and epigingival 3D epithelium. We further show increased levels of prostaglandin-E2 and cycloxygenase-2 are associated with upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by e-cig exposure-mediated carbonyl stress in gingival epithelium/tissue. Further, e-cigs cause increased oxidative/carbonyl and inflammatory responses, and DNA damage along with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) reduction via RAGE-dependent mechanisms in gingival epithelium. A greater response is elicited by flavored e-cigs. Increased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory and pro-senescence responses (DNA damage and HDAC2 reduction) can result in dysregulated repair due to proinflammatory and pro-senescence responses in periodontal cells. These data highlight the pathologic role of e-cig aerosol and its flavoring to cells and tissues of the oral cavity in compromised oral health.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.