Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27791170›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016

Optimal immunization cocktails can promote induction of broadly neutralizing Abs against highly mutable pathogens.

J Scott Shaffer, Penny L Moore, Mehran Kardar, Arup K Chakraborty

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed
3.4field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.

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  5. Bioinformatics advances · 2025
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  7. Modelling HIV-1 control and remission.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024
    Review
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  13. Two complementary features of humoral immune memory confer protection against the same or variant antigens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

J Scott ShafferInstitute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Penny L MooreCentre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa.
Mehran KardarDepartment of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Arup K ChakrabortyInstitute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; arupc@mit.edu.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology · USNational Health Laboratory Service · ZA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Strategies to elicit Abs that can neutralize diverse strains of a highly mutable pathogen are likely to result in a potent vaccine. Broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated from patients, proving that the human immune system can evolve them. Using computer simulations and theory, we study immunization with diverse mixtures of variant antigens (Ags). Our results show that particular choices for the number of variant Ags and the mutational distances separating them maximize the probability of inducing bnAbs. The variant Ags represent potentially conflicting selection forces that can frustrate the Darwinian evolutionary process of affinity maturation. An intermediate level of frustration maximizes the chance of evolving bnAbs. A simple model makes vivid the origin of this principle of optimal frustration. Our results, combined with past studies, suggest that an appropriately chosen permutation of immunization with an optimally designed mixture (using the principles that we describe) and sequential immunization with variant Ags that are separated by relatively large mutational distances may best promote the evolution of bnAbs.

Indexed as

biophysicsbroadly neutralizing antibodiesevolutionary biologyHIVstatistical mechanics

Identifiers

PMID27791170
PMCPMC5111661
OpenAlexW2536780048

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.