SynthesisJournal of viral hepatitis2017
Higher incidence of HCV in females compared to males who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of viral hepatitis, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- A Global Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs-Do Gender-Based Differences Vary by Country-Level Indicators?The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- HCV communication within ego-centric networks of men and women who inject drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- Potential Impact of Frequent Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs Toward Hepatitis C Elimination in the United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Care strategies for pregnant people and women living with hepatitis C in North America.AJOG global reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Association Between Sex and Recent Pregnancy and Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in People With Opioid Use Disorder.O&G open · 2025Article
- Drug use and sexual behaviors among women who inject drugs and use a syringe services program; Miami, Florida.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Health and Economic Impact of Periodic Hepatitis C Virus Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Primary liver cancer disease burden in Cambodia during 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of datasets from the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Success Metrics for Hepatitis C Elimination Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Scoping Review of Indicators in Harm Reduction.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Predictors of Acute HCV Incidence in People with HIV: Insights from a Long-term Cohort Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- A mathematical model of HCV transmission dynamics with sex stratification and environmental effects.PloS one · 2025Article
- Potential impact of curative and preventive interventions toward hepatitis C elimination in people who inject drugs-A network modeling study.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Global epidemiology, natural history, maternal-to-child transmission, and treatment with DAA of pregnant women with HCV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Acute hepatitis C virus infection: clinical update and remaining challenges.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2023Review
- Intersections between syndemic conditions and stages along the continuum of overdose risk among women who inject drugs in Mexicali, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Rapid hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA testing and treatment at an integrated supervised consumption service in Toronto, Canada: a prospective, observational cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- Quality-adjusted life years among people who inject drugs in a needle syringe program in Sweden.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Women who inject drugs have been shown to have higher incidence of HIV and risk behaviours than men, but there are conflicting reports about hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence. We systematically reviewed the literature to examine the female-to-male (F:M) HCV incidence in female and male persons who inject drugs (PWID), and also to explore the heterogeneity (i.e. methodological diversity) in these differences. We searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies published between 1989 and March 2015 for research that reported incidence of HCV infection by sex or HCV incidence F:M rate ratio. A total of 28 studies, which enrolled 9325 PWID, were included. The overall pooled HCV incidence rate (per 100 person-years observation) was 20.36 (95% CI: 13.86, 29.90) and 15.20 (95% CI: 10.52, 21.97) in females and males, respectively. F:M ratio was 1.36:1 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.64) with substantial heterogeneity (I-squared=71.6%). The F:M ratio varied by geographic location from 4.0 (95% CI: 1.80, 8.89) in China to 1.17 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.43) in the U.S. In studies which recruited participants from community settings, the F:M ratio was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.48), which was lower than that reported in the clinical settings (1.72, 95% CI: 0.86, 3.45). The number of studies included provided sufficient statistical power to detect sex differences in this analysis. Our findings raise questions and concerns regarding sex differences with respect to the risk of HCV. Both behavioural and biological studies are needed to investigate causes and potential mechanisms as well as sex-specific prevention approaches to HCV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.