Revealing the Neuroendocrine Response After Remoxipride Treatment Using Multi-Biomarker Discovery and Quantifying It by PK/PD Modeling.

To reveal unknown and potentially important mechanisms of drug action, multi-biomarker discovery approaches are increasingly used. Time-course relationships between drug action and multi-biomarker profiles, however, are typically missing, while such relationships will provide increased insight in the underlying body processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dopamine D2 antagonist remoxipride on the neuroendocrine system. Different doses of remoxipride (0, 0.7, 5.2, or 14 mg/kg) were administered to rats by intravenous infusion. Serial brain extracellular fluid (brainECF) and plasma samples were collected and analyzed for remoxipride pharmacokinetics (PK). Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of the eight pituitary-related hormones as a function of time. A Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the responding hormones, which were further analyzed by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. A three-compartment PK model adequately described remoxipride PK in plasma and brainECF. Not only plasma PRL, but also adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were increased, the latter especially at higher concentrations of remoxipride. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) did not respond to remoxipride at the tested doses, while oxytocin (OXT) measurements were below limit of quantification. Precursor pool models were linked to brainECF remoxipride PK by E