ArticleAIDS (London, England)2016
Undisclosed HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy use in the Kenya AIDS indicator survey 2012: relevance to national targets for HIV diagnosis and treatment.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Under-Reporting of Known HIV-Positive Status Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Reduced efficacy of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors in patients with drug resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase.Nature communications · 2020Trial
- Expanded eligibility for HIV testing increases HIV diagnoses-A cross-sectional study in seven health facilities in western Kenya.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Have We Met Before? Findings on HIV Retesting in Routine Healthcare Settings, Using Eswatini HIV-1 Recent Infection Surveillance Data.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Discordance Between Biomarker-Confirmed Antiretroviral Therapy and Self-Reported HIV Status Among People Living with HIV in Zambia and South Africa: A Secondary Analysis of HPTN 071 (PopART).medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Recent HIV infection among women and men enrolling to care in urban clinics in Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Non-disclosure of Known HIV Status among People Living with HIV in the Mozambique Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (INSIDA 2021).AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents in Oshikoto Region, Namibia.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2025Article
- High prevalence of undisclosed antiretroviral drug use among individuals initiating HIV treatment in Gaborone, Botswana.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Trends in HIV prevalence, incidence, and progress towards the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets in Malawi among individuals aged 15-64 years: population-based HIV impact assessments, 2015-16 and 2020-21.The lancet. HIV · 2023Article
- Motivations for blood donation by HIV-positive individuals on antiretrovirals in South Africa: A qualitative study.Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral Drug Detection in a Community-Randomized Trial of Universal HIV Testing and Treatment: HPTN 071 (PopART).Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- HIV stigma limits the effectiveness of PMTCT in Guinea: the ANRS 12344-DIAVINA study.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Article
- High HIV prevalence and associated factors in Lesotho: Results from a population-based survey.PloS one · 2022Article
- Undisclosed Antiretroviral Therapy Use at Primary Health Care Clinics in Rural KwaZulu Natal South Africa: A DO-ART Trial Sub-study.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Mapping geographic clusters of new HIV diagnoses to inform granular-level interventions for HIV epidemic control in western Kenya.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Improving Underestimation of HIV Prevalence in Surveys Using Time-Location Sampling.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2021Article
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11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis analysis assessed the impact of undisclosed HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on national estimates of diagnosed HIV and ART coverage in Kenya.
methodsHIV-positive dried blood spot samples from Kenya's second AIDS Indicator Survey were tested for an antiretroviral biomarker by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weighted estimates of diagnosed HIV and ART coverage based on self-report were compared with those corrected for undisclosed HIV infection and ART use based on antiretroviral test results. Multivariate analysis determined factors associated with undisclosed HIV infection and ART use among persons on ART.
resultsThe antiretroviral biomarker was detected in 42.5% [confidence interval (CI) 37.4-47.7] of HIV-infected persons. Antiretroviral drugs were present in 90.7% (CI 86.1-95.2) of HIV-infected persons reporting HIV-positive status and receiving ART, 66.7% (CI 59.9-73.4) reporting HIV-positive status irrespective of ART use, 21.0% (CI 13.4-28.6) reporting HIV-negative status, and 19.3% (CI 9.0-29.5) reporting no previous HIV test. After correcting for undisclosed HIV infection and ART use, diagnosed HIV increased from 46.9 to 57.2% and ART coverage increased from 31.8 to 42.8%. Undisclosed HIV infection while on ART was associated with being aged 25-39 years and not visiting a health provider in the past year, while younger age and higher wealth were associated with undisclosed ART use.
conclusionSubstantial levels of undisclosed HIV infection and ART use among persons on ART were observed, resulting in diagnosed HIV underestimated by approximately 112000 persons and ART coverage by approximately 131000 persons. Supplementing self-reported ART status with objective measures of ART use in national population-based serosurveys can improve monitoring of HIV diagnosis and treatment targets in countries.
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