ReviewBrain and behavior2016
Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?
Review in Brain and behavior, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Change in Cognitive Function over the Course of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Neurocognitive deficits in depression: a systematic review of cognitive impairment in the acute and remitted state.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Neurocognitive Functioning in Behçet's Disease.Neuropsychology review · 2019Pooled it
- Abnormal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in adults and adolescents with major depressive disorder: A comparative meta-analysis.EBioMedicine · 2018Pooled it
- Neurocognitive Functioning in Depressed Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2018Pooled it
- Effects of antidepressant medications on brain tissue microstructure in persistent depressive disorder across two randomized controlled trials.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of cognitive remediation in subjects with major depressive disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled study in a real-world setting.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Trial
- The experience of young people receiving cognitive behavioural therapy for major depression: A qualitative study.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2023Trial
- The validation of a new online cognitive assessment tool: The MyCognition Quotient.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2019Trial
- Remote Longitudinal Tracking of Sleep, Depression, and Cognition Across Early Adolescence: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- No Cognitive Scarring Over 20 Years in Recurrent Depression: Bidirectionality of Cognitive Functioning and Depression.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2026Article
- Exploring the impact of cognitive profiles on the response to magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations Between Cognitive Functions and Subsequent Mood Disorder Prognosis in Low-Risk, High-Risk and Affected Monozygotic Twins: A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Executive Dysfunction and Depression Risk in Adolescence: Functional-MRI Analysis of Transient Network States During a Working Memory Task.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Perceived cognitive functioning difficulties in individuals living with endometriosis.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Network analysis of the relationships among activities of daily living disability, cognitive impairment, and depression in Chinese older adults.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Perseverative Negative Thinking, Self-Control, and Executive Functioning in Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Competing Models.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Article
- The correlation between high temperature and cognitive function: a CHARLS 2018 cross-sectional study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive dysfunction in adolescents with recent onset major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional comparative study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Longitudinal trajectories of subjective cognitive complaints in patients with major depressive disorder and similar objective cognitive trajectories.BMC psychiatry · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) affects a quarter of adolescents and young adults and is associated with the greatest global burden of disease in this population. There is a growing literature, mostly in adults, showing that significant neurocognitive impairments are common in MDD. It remains unclear whether these impairments are pre-existing trait markers of MDD, state-related impairments that fluctuate with depressive symptoms, or 'scar' impairments that worsen with illness progression. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding MDD and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 12-25 years).
methodExamination of the evidence for neurocognitive deficits as trait, state, and scar features of MDD according to different study designs (family studies, premorbid studies, current depression, remitted depression, and longitudinal studies with repeated assessment) was conducted.
resultsThe few premorbid and family studies conducted in youth provide equivocal evidence for neurocognitive impairments as trait markers of MDD. The presence of state-based neurocognitive impairment remains unclear as evidence comes mostly from cross-sectional studies. There are a limited, but growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment in youth. Studies that examined neurocognition prior to the onset of MDD and with long-term follow-up provide tentative evidence for neurocognitive scarring.
conclusionNeurocognitive impairment is a feature of MDD in adolescents and young adults. To better understand the nature, timing, and pattern of impairment, longitudinal studies that examine neurocognition before and after the development of full-threshold MDD, including following recurrence are needed. This knowledge will have important implications for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of MDD in youth.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.