ArticlePaediatric anaesthesia2017
Codeine use among children in the United States: a nationally representative study from 1996 to 2013.
Article in Paediatric anaesthesia, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Executive summary of the guideline for prescribing opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain (third edition) by the Japan Society of Pain Clinicians.Journal of anesthesia · 2025Guideline
- Managing postoperative pain in adult outpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing codeine with NSAIDs.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2021Pooled it
- Health Canada advisory impacts on the prevalence of oral codeine use in the Pediatric Canadian population: comparative study across provinces.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Estimating the efficacy of pharmacogenomics over a lifetime.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Relationship Between Severe Respiratory Depression and Codeine-Containing Antitussives in Children: A Nested Case-Control Study.Journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Gene-Based Dose Optimization in Children.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2020Review
- Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020Review
- Effect of FDA Warning on Codeine and Alternate Opioid Prescribing After Pediatric Dental Procedures in Ohio.Pediatric dentistry · 2019Article
- Individual short-acting opioids and the risk of opioid-related adverse events in adolescents.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2019Article
- The Case for Pharmacogenetics-Guided Prescribing of Codeine in Children.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2019Review
- An update on the safety of prescribing opioids in pediatrics.Expert opinion on drug safety · 2019Review
- A Model of the Intersection of Pain and Opioid Misuse in Children and Adolescents.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2018Article
- Pharmacist and Pediatrician Knowledge of Codeine Use in Children.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAGArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundConcerns regarding the safety of codeine have been raised. Cases of life-threatening respiratory depression and death in children have been attributed to codeine's polymorphic metabolic pathway. International health agencies recommend restricted use of codeine in children. Despite these recommendations, the epidemiology of codeine use among children remains unknown.
aimsOur objective was to examine patterns of codeine use in the US among children.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis of children of age 0-17 years from 1996 to 2013 in the US was performed. Data were extracted from MEPS, a nationally representative set of health care surveys. Prevalence rates of codeine use between 1996 and 2013 were examined. Multivariable logistic regression examined relationships between codeine use and patient demographics.
resultsCodeine use remained largely unchanged from 1996 to 2013 (1.08 vs 1.03 million children, respectively). Odds of codeine use was higher in ages 12-17 (OR, 1.40; [1.21-1.61]), outside of the Northeastern US, and among those with poor physical health status (OR, 3.29 [1.79-6.03]). Codeine use was lower in children whose ethnicity was not white and those uninsured (OR, 0.47 [0.34-0.63]). Codeine was most frequently prescribed by emergency physicians (18%) and dentists (14%). The most common condition associated with codeine use was trauma-related pain.
conclusionsPediatric codeine use has declined since 1996; however, more than 1 million children still used codeine in 2013. Health care providers must be made aware of guidelines advising against the use of codeine in children. Codeine is potentially hazardous and safer alternatives to treat children's pain are available.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.