ArticleBMC medicine2016
Assessing the burden of medical impoverishment by cause: a systematic breakdown by disease in Ethiopia.
Article in BMC medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Acute kidney injury due to diarrhoeal diseases in children: a systematic review.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Pooled it
- Digital Governance at the Street Level: A Mixed-Methods Study of Systemic Resilience and 'Human-in-the-Loop' Telemedicine in Rural Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- From health protection to labor incentive: health and economic impacts of Medical Financial Assistance in rural China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Bending the curve: Modeling the impact of reducing risk factors for noncommunicable diseases to control future health expenditures in Latin America and the Caribbean.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Catastrophic out-of-pocket payments related to non-communicable disease multimorbidity and associated factors, evidence from a public referral hospital in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Article
- The heterogeneous relationship between public health expenditures and household medical expenditures: evidence from relative poverty households in China.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Comparative health systems analysis of differences in the catastrophic health expenditure associated with non-communicable vs communicable diseases among adults in six countries.Health policy and planning · 2022Article
- Assessing equity of access and affordability of care among South Sudanese refugees and host communities in two districts in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Observational
- Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Associated Factors ofThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2022Article
- A global agenda for older adult immunization in the COVID-19 era: A roadmap for action.Vaccine · 2021Article
- Health gains and financial protection from human papillomavirus vaccination in Ethiopia: findings from a modelling study.Health policy and planning · 2021Article
- The societal cost and economic impact of surgical care on patients' households in rural Uganda; a mixed method study.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Cost of Illness of Epilepsy and Associated Factors in Patients Attending Adult Outpatient Department of University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
- Sustainable Development Goals relevant to kidney health: an update on progress.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2021Review
- The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion.Lancet (London, England) · 2020Review
- The burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures in Ethiopia: estimates from a nationally representative survey (2015-16).Health policy and planning · 2020Article
- Financial risk of seeking maternal and neonatal healthcare in southern Ethiopia: a cohort study of rural households.International journal for equity in health · 2020Article
- Determinants of pneumonia among 2-59 months old children at Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a case-control study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOut-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenses often lead to catastrophic expenditure and impoverishment in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, there has been no systematic examination of which specific diseases and conditions (e.g., tuberculosis, cardiovascular disease) drive medical impoverishment, defined as OOP direct medical costs pushing households into poverty.
methodsWe used a cost and epidemiological model to propose an assessment of the burden of medical impoverishment in Ethiopia, i.e., the number of households crossing a poverty line due to excessive OOP direct medical expenses. We utilized disease-specific mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study, epidemiological and cost inputs from surveys, and secondary data from the literature to produce a count of poverty cases due to OOP direct medical costs per specific condition.
resultsIn Ethiopia, in 2013, and among 20 leading causes of mortality, we estimated the burden of impoverishment due to OOP direct medical costs to be of about 350,000 poverty cases. The top three causes of medical impoverishment were diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and road injury, accounting for 75 % of all poverty cases.
conclusionsWe present a preliminary attempt for the estimation of the burden of medical impoverishment by cause for high mortality conditions. In Ethiopia, medical impoverishment was notably associated with illness occurrence and health services utilization. Although currently used estimates are sensitive to health services utilization, a systematic breakdown of impoverishment due to OOP direct medical costs by cause can provide important information for the promotion of financial risk protection and equity, and subsequent design of health policies toward universal health coverage, reduction of direct OOP payments, and poverty alleviation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.