ArticleVeterinary research2016
Distinct immune responses and virus shedding in pigs following aerosol, intra-nasal and contact infection with pandemic swine influenza A virus, A(H1N1)09.
Article in Veterinary research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal Models for Swine Influenza Virus Research: Pathology, Viral Dynamics, and Immune Responses.Viruses · 2026Review
- Animal Models in Influenza Research.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Dynamic of swine influenza virus infection in weaned piglets in five enzootically infected herds in Germany, a cohort study.Porcine health management · 2024Article
- Enhancing the understanding of coinfection outcomes: Impact of natural atypical porcine pestivirus infection on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in pigs.Virus research · 2024Article
- Differential infection behavior of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype I and II in the upper respiratory tract.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- From Snoot to Tail: A Brief Review of Influenza Virus Infection and Immunity in Pigs.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Review
- Immunization with matrix-, nucleoprotein and neuraminidase protects against H3N2 influenza challenge in pH1N1 pre-exposed pigs.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Insights into nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity and cope up strategies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Adenoviral-vectored epigraph vaccine elicits robust, durable, and protective immunity against H3 influenza A virus in swine.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- One Health: a holistic approach for food safety in livestock.Science in One Health · 2022Review
- A New Sampling Approach for the Detection of Swine Influenza a Virus on European Sow Farms.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Changes in the Nasal Microbiota of Pigs Following Single or Co-Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Swine Influenza A Viruses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The epidemiology of swine influenza.Animal diseases · 2021Review
- Respiratory and Intramuscular Immunization With ChAdOx2-NPM1-NA Induces Distinct Immune Responses in H1N1pdm09 Pre-Exposed Pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2020Review
- Exploring heterologous prime-boost vaccination approaches to enhance influenza control in pigs.Veterinary research · 2020Article
- Timelines of infection and transmission dynamics of H1N1pdm09 in swine.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Neurotoxicity of nanoparticles entering the brain via sensory nerve-to-brain pathways: injuries and mechanisms.Archives of toxicology · 2020Review
- Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses.Emerging infectious diseases · 2020Article
- What a Difference a Gene Makes: Identification of Virulence Factors of Cowpox Virus.Journal of virology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza virus infection in pigs is a major farming problem, causing considerable economic loss and posing a zoonotic threat. In addition the pig is an excellent model for understanding immunity to influenza viruses as this is a natural host pathogen system. Experimentally, influenza virus is delivered to pigs intra-nasally, by intra-tracheal instillation or by aerosol, but there is little data comparing the outcome of different methods. We evaluated the shedding pattern, cytokine responses in nasal swabs and immune responses following delivery of low or high dose swine influenza pdmH1N1 virus to the respiratory tract of pigs intra-nasally or by aerosol and compared them to those induced in naturally infected contact pigs. Our data shows that natural infection by contact induces remarkably high innate and adaptive immune response, although the animals were exposed to a very low virus dose. In contacts, the kinetics of virus shedding were slow and prolonged and more similar to the low dose directly infected animals. In contrast the cytokine profile in nasal swabs, antibody and cellular immune responses of contacts more closely resemble immune responses in high dose directly inoculated animals. Consideration of these differences is important for studies of disease pathogenesis and assessment of vaccine protective efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.