ArticlePloS one2016
Incidence of Exposure of Patients in the United States to Multiple Drugs for Which Pharmacogenomic Guidelines Are Available.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06907784 (PHOENIX TRIAL - A PILOT RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PRE-EMPTIVE PHARMACOGENOMICS IN ACUTE CARE SETTINGS WITH HEALTH ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS), which is not on this map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phoenix trial - a pilot randomised controlled trial of pre-emptive pharmacogenomics in acute care settings with health economic evaluations
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of pharmacogenomics-guided dosing in improving treatment outcomes.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Multi-Gene Pharmacogenomic Testing in a Community-Based Setting Is Feasible and Reduces Total Healthcare Costs.Clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Use of Drugs With Actionable Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers and Possible Prescribing Changes Among Older People.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Pharmacogenomic Drug-Gene Interactions in Geriatric Emergency Department Patients Who Sustained Falls: A Pilot Study.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Molecular Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy.Cells · 2025Review
- Utilisation of drugs with pharmacogenetic recommendations in children in Switzerland.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2025Article
- A National Study Among Diverse US Populations of Exposure to Prescription Medications with Evidence-Based Pharmacogenomic Information.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Predictive Biomarkers and Personalized Therapy: Use of Pharmacogenetic Testing in a Scandinavian Perspective.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Review
- Implementation of pre-emptive testing of a pharmacogenomic panel in clinical practice: Where do we stand?British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Review
- Real-World Utilization of Medications With Pharmacogenetic Recommendations in Older Adults: A Scoping Review.Clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Estimation of the benefit from pre-emptive genotyping based on the nationwide cohort data in South Korea.Clinical and translational science · 2024Review
- Clinician Response to Pharmacogenetic Clinical Decision Support Alerts.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Article
- Patient-Level Exposure to Actionable Pharmacogenomic Medications in a Nationally Representative Insurance Claims Database.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Identifying the prevalence of clinically actionable drug-gene interactions in a health system biorepository to guide pharmacogenetics implementation services.Clinical and translational science · 2023Article
- Pharmacogenomics in practice: a review and implementation guide.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Ten-year experience with pharmacogenetic testing forFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Evaluating the frequency and the impact of pharmacogenetic alleles in an ancestrally diverse Biobank population.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Advancing Pharmacogenomics from Single-Gene to Preemptive Testing.Annual review of genomics and human genetics · 2022Review
- Prevalence of exposure to pharmacogenetic drugs by the Saudis treated at the health care centers of the Ministry of National Guard.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2022Article
- Life-time Actionable Pharmacogenetic Drug Use: A Population-based Cohort Study in 86 040 Young People With and Without Mental Disorders in Denmark.Pharmacopsychiatry · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pre-emptive pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing of a panel of genes may be easier to implement and more cost-effective than reactive pharmacogenomic testing if a sufficient number of medications are covered by a single test and future medication exposure can be anticipated. We analysed the incidence of exposure of individual patients in the United States to multiple drugs for which pharmacogenomic guidelines are available (PGx drugs) within a selected four-year period (2009-2012) in order to identify and quantify the incidence of pharmacotherapy in a nation-wide patient population that could be impacted by pre-emptive PGx testing based on currently available clinical guidelines. In total, 73 024 095 patient records from private insurance, Medicare Supplemental and Medicaid were included. Patients enrolled in Medicare Supplemental age > = 65 or Medicaid age 40-64 had the highest incidence of PGx drug use, with approximately half of the patients receiving at least one PGx drug during the 4 year period and one fourth to one third of patients receiving two or more PGx drugs. These data suggest that exposure to multiple PGx drugs is common and that it may be beneficial to implement wide-scale pre-emptive genomic testing. Future work should therefore concentrate on investigating the cost-effectiveness of multiplexed pre-emptive testing strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.