Effect of Some Growth Factors on Tissue Transglutaminase Overexpression Induced by β-Amyloid in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells.

Herein, we assessed in a particular glial cell type, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the effect of some growth factors (GFs) on tissue transglutaminase (TG2) overexpression induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) with native full-length peptide 1-42 or by fragments, 25-35 or 35-25, as control. Previously, we demonstrated that TG2 overexpression induced by some stressors was down-regulated by GFs exposure in OECs. To monitor cell viability, an MTT test was used, while TG2 expression was examined using immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis. We also considered the involvement of the TG2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Vimentin expression was evaluated as well. Reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione levels were utilized to test the oxidative intracellular status. Lactate dehydrogenase released into the medium, as a marker of necrotic cell death, was evaluated. We found that in OECs exposed to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35) for 24 h, TG2 expression increased, and we observed that the protein appeared prevalently localized in the cytosol. The pre-treatment with GFs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), down-regulated the TG2 level, which was prevalently limited to the nuclear compartment. Vimentin expression and caspase cleavage showed a significant enhancement in Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35) exposed cells. The pre-treatment with bFGF or GDNF was able to restore the levels of the proteins to control values, and the intracellular oxidative status modified by the exposure to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35). Our data suggest that both bFGF or GDNF could be an innovative mechanism to contrast TG2 expression, which plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease.