ArticlePlant physiology2016
Dirigent Protein Mode of Action Revealed by the Crystal Structure of AtDIR6.
Article in Plant physiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Insights into the functional characterization of DIR proteins through genome-wide in silico and evolutionary studies: a systematic review.Functional & integrative genomics · 2023Pooled it
- The Biosynthesis and Functions of Flavonoids: Recent Advances From Studies Across Land Plant Diversity.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2026Review
- Secreted molecules as modulators of somatic embryogenesis efficiency - an overview.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Metabolic engineering strategies for optimized lignan production in plants.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- A dirigent protein redirects extracellular terpenoid metabolism for defense against biotic challenges.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Physiological roles of lignins - tuning cell wall hygroscopy and biomechanics.The New phytologist · 2025Review
- Two pathogen-inducible UDP-glycosyltransferases, UGT73C3 and UGT73C4, catalyze the glycosylation of pinoresinol to promote plant immunity in Arabidopsis.Plant communications · 2025Article
- What Happens Inside the Germinating Grain After Microbial Decontamination by Pulsed Electric Field? Data-Driven Multi-Omics Helps Find the Answer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Evolutionary and functional analysis of the DIR gene family in Moso bamboo: insights into rapid shoot growth and stress responses.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Expression Analysis of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Genome-wide identification and analysis of monocot-specific chimeric jacalins (MCJ) genes in Maize (Zea mays L.).BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Insights into stereoselective ring formation in canonical strigolactone: Identification of a dirigent domain-containing enzyme catalyzing orobanchol synthesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- The ERF transcription factor LTF1 activates DIR1 to control stereoselective synthesis of antiviral lignans and stress defense inActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Article
- Identification and functional characterization of the dirigent gene family in Phryma leptostachya and the contribution of PlDIR1 in lignan biosynthesis.BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of Dirigent Members in the GenusInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Dirigent gene editing of gossypol enantiomers for toxicity-depleted cotton seeds.Nature plants · 2023Article
- Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- The Crystal Structure of the Defense Conferring Rice ProteinBiomolecules · 2022Article
- Transgenic Forsythia plants expressing sesame cytochrome P450 produce beneficial lignans.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Impact of Heat Stress on Expression of Wheat Genes Responsive to Hessian Fly Infestation.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity to phenoxy radical coupling reactions in plants and, thus, play an essential role in the biosynthesis of biologically active natural products. This includes the regioselective and enantioselective coupling and subsequent cyclization of two coniferyl alcohol radicals to pinoresinol as the committed step of lignan biosynthesis. The reaction is controlled by dirigent proteins, which, depending on the species and protein, direct the reaction to either (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol. We present the crystal structure of the (-)-pinoresinol forming DIRIGENT PROTEIN6 (AtDIR6) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with data to 1.4 Å resolution. The structure shows AtDIR6 as an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel that forms a trimer with spatially well-separated cavities for substrate binding. The binding cavities are two lobed, exhibiting two opposing pockets, each lined with a set of hydrophilic and potentially catalytic residues, including essential aspartic acids. These residues are conserved between (+) and (-)-pinoresinol-forming DIRs and required for activity. The structure supports a model in which two substrate radicals bind to each of the DIR monomers. With the aromatic rings fixed in the two pockets, the propionyl side chains face each other for radical-radical coupling, and stereoselectivity is determined by the exact positioning of the side chains. Extensive mutational analysis supports a previously unrecognized function for DIRs in catalyzing the cyclization of the bis-quinone methide reaction intermediate to yield (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol.
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