ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2016
Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncomplicated and Complicated Acute Appendicitis Induce Different Cytokine Patterns.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of CXCL12 Diagnostic Performance in Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Central Nervous System Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics in Danish Children and Adults Diagnosed With Neuroborreliosis: A Retrospective Study From January 2016 to January 2024.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid protein profiling of inflammatory and neurobiological markers in Lyme neuroborreliosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Chemokine CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling in neuroinflammation and pathogenesis of chronic pain and neurological diseases.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2024Review
- Long COVID diagnostic with differentiation from chronic lyme disease using machine learning and cytokine hubs.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A comprehensive genetic map of cytokine responses in Lyme borreliosis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- CXCL13 in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Clinical Value in a Large Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Intrathecal Th17-driven inflammation is associated with prolonged post-treatment convalescence for patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Attenuation of relapsing fever neuroborreliosis in mice by IL-17A blockade.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Basic Analysis of the Cerebrospinal Fluid: An Important Framework for Laboratory Diagnostics of the Impairment of the Central Nervous System.Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Article
- Neuropathogenicity of non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi ex vivo.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- CSF Diagnostics: A Potentially Valuable Tool in Neurodegenerative and Inflammatory Disorders Involving Motor Neurons: A Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The increased intrathecal expression of the monocyte-attracting chemokines CCL7 and CXCL12 in tick-borne encephalitis.Journal of neurovirology · 2021Article
- The Kynurenine Pathway is Differentially Activated in Children with Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Encephalitis.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- A murine model of Lyme disease demonstrates that Borrelia burgdorferi colonizes the dura mater and induces inflammation in the central nervous system.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- The predictive value of CXCL13 in suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2020Article
- Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL13) in Neuroborreliosis and Neurosyphilis as Selected Spirochetal Neurological Diseases: A Review of Its Diagnostic Significance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is one of the manifestations of Lyme disease. Although it is known that immune reaction of LNB patients is dominated by Th1 and Th2 responses and patients have elevated numbers of B cells in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), not all the cells involved in inflammation and cytokine secretion have been characterized. The current diagnostics of LNB is based on intrathecal production of antibodies. In recent years, the measurement of chemokine CXCL13 concentration from the CSF has been introduced as a new promising diagnostic tool for LNB to complement the antibody-based diagnostic methods. A few other cytokines have also been analyzed as possible diagnostic markers. However, multiplex analyses simultaneously evaluating the concentrations of a large number of different cytokines in the CSF of LNB patients have been lacking thus far. Extensive cytokine profiling CSF samples of LNB patients would also help in understanding the complex immunopathogenesis of LNB.
methodsCSF samples were analyzed from 43 LNB patients, 19 controls, 18 tick-borne encephalitis patients, and 31 multiple sclerosis patients. In addition, CSF samples from 23 LNB patients obtained after the antibiotic treatment were examined. Altogether, the concentrations of 49 different cytokines were determined from all of the samples. The concentrations of 48 different cytokines were analyzed by magnetic bead suspension array using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 21- and 27-plex panels, and the concentration of CXCL13 was analyzed by an ELISA based method.
resultsDistinct cytokine profiles which were able to distinguish LNB patients from controls, tick-borne encephalitis patients, multiple sclerosis patients, and LNB patients treated with antibiotics were identified. LNB patients had elevated concentrations of all major T helper cell type cytokines (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Treg) in their CSF.
conclusionsDespite the great differences in the CSF cytokine profiles of different patient groups, CXCL13 still remained as the best marker for LNB. However, IL-1ra might also be helpful as a marker for the antibiotic treatment response. Concerning the immunopathogenesis, this is the first report suggesting the involvement of Th9 cells in the immune response of LNB.
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