SynthesisObesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity2016
Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews.
Synthesis in Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 64 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- The oral und systemic health risks of sugar consumption: an umbrella review.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Pooled it
- Human Milk Feeding in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Growth, Metabolic Control, and Neurodevelopment Outcomes.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Pooled it
- Components in downstream health promotions to reduce sugar intake among adults: a systematic review.Nutrition journal · 2024Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood and beyond: a systematic review with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Protein Intake from Birth to 2 Years and Obesity Outcomes in Later Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Addressing obesity in the first 1000 days in high risk infants: Systematic review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Association of Protein Intake during the Second Year of Life with Weight Gain-Related Outcomes in Childhood: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- The Long-Term Effects of Dietary Nutrient Intakes during the First 2 Years of Life in Healthy Infants from Developed Countries: An Umbrella Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Pooled it
- Goat Milk Based Infant Formula in Newborns: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial on Growth and Safety.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial of DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Child Adiposity Outcomes.Nutrients · 2017Trial
- Infant feeding practices of Indian immigrant mothers and their association with sociodemographic factors: An Australia-wide cross-sectional survey.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Partial Replacement of Maltodextrin With Galactose in Post-Weaning Diets of Mice Alters Body Composition and Energy Metabolism in Early-Life and Programs Hepatic Igf1 Expression in Later-Life.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Overweight in Children Starts Early in Life: Findings From the Italian NASCITA Birth Cohort Study.Journal of obesity · 2026Article
- Cord Blood Appetite Hormones and Early-Life Growth and Childhood Adiposity in the ENVIRONAGE Cohort.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Alterations in newborn metabolite patterns with preterm birth and diabetes in pregnancy.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Early Roots of Childhood Obesity: Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Prevention Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Early life factors that affect obesity and the need for complex solutions.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Beneficial effects of short-term breastfeeding versus non-breastfeeding in early life against childhood obesity: findings from the US-based population study NHANES.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Nutritional counselling and risk factors for obesity: an observational study in toddlers.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Observational
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This study, performed as part of the international EarlyNutrition research project (http://www.project-earlynutrition.eu), provides a systematic review of systematic reviews on the effects of nutritional interventions or exposures in children (up to 3 years of age) on the subsequent risk of obesity, overweight and adiposity. Electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched up until September 2015. Forty systematic reviews were included. A consistent association of breastfeeding with a modest reduction in the risk of later overweight and obesity in childhood and adulthood was found (the odds decreased by 13% based on high-quality studies), but residual confounding cannot be excluded. Lowering the protein content of infant formula is a promising intervention to reduce the risk of later overweight and obesity in children. There is no consistent evidence of an association of the age of introducing complementary foods, sugar-sweetened beverage or energy intake in early childhood with later overweight/obesity, but there are some indications of an association of protein intake during the complementary feeding period with later overweight/obesity. There was inadequate evidence to determine the effects of other nutritional interventions or exposures, including modifications of infant formula composition, fat intake or consumption of different food groups.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.