Trial reportMedicine2016
Randomized comparison of group versus individual educational interventions for pregnant women to reduce their secondhand smoke exposure.
Trial report in Medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Attenuating Pregnancy Weight Gain-What Works and Why: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2018Pooled it
- Designing, implementing and evaluating an educational program regarding the effects of second-hand smoke in pregnancy on the knowledge, attitude and performance of male smokers.Reproductive health · 2023Trial
- A Multi-Domain Group-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity, Healthy Nutrition, and Psychological Wellbeing in Older People with Losses in Intrinsic Capacity: AMICOPE Development Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Feasibility Pilot of a Randomized Faith-Based Intervention to Reduce Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Korean Americans.Preventing chronic disease · 2017Trial
- Invisible smoke, real threat: can education protect pregnant women from thirdhand smoke exposure? (a protocol study).BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Relationship between paternal smoking behaviour and birth outcomes based on a comic booklet intervention for preventing second-hand smoke exposure to non-smoking pregnant women in Indonesia: a follow-up randomised controlled trial.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Enhancing Public Knowledge of Risk Factors and Warning Signs for Stroke and Heart Attack Through Home-Based Community Health Worker Interventions: A Cluster Randomized Trial.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- The Effect of Training Male Smokers About the Effects of Secondhand Smoke in Pregnant Wives on Their Self-Efficacy.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2023Article
- Effects of a Comic Booklet Intervention Aimed at Preventing Second-Hand Smoke Exposure for Pregnant Women in Indonesia: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Type and effectiveness of community-based interventions in improving knowledge related to cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: A systematic review.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2022Article
- The Effect of Couple's Motivational Interviewing on Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Pregnant Women at Home.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2022Article
- Designing an educational intervention on second-hand smoke in smoker men on the exposure of pregnant wives: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Reproductive health · 2019Article
- Exposure to secondhand smoke in Iranian pregnant women at home and the related factors.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2019Article
- Self-efficacy and perceived barriers of pregnant women regarding exposure to second-hand smoke at home.Journal of education and health promotion · 2019Article
- Comparison of Knowledge about Smoking and Passive Smoking and Urinary Cotinine Levels in Pregnant Women and their Partners in Mongolia: A Cross-sectional Study.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is deleterious to pregnant women and their unborn children. The prevalence of SHS exposure among pregnant women is particularly high in many Asian countries where approximately half of the male population smokes. We aim to investigate the efficacy of an intervention based on an expanded Health Belief Model (HBM) incorporating self-efficacy to educate and empower pregnant women to reduce their SHS exposure.
methodsWe conducted a 3-arm randomized controlled trial (N = 50 in each arm) comparing the effectiveness of group-based and individual-based interventions with a treatment-as-usual group. A questionnaire tapping into constructs of the expanded HBM was administered at baseline and 1- and 2-month follow-ups. Exhaled carbon monoxide was used to determine SHS exposure (>=6 ppm). ANOVA was used to compare HBM construct scores, self-efficacy for rejecting SHS exposure, and SHS rejection behavior among the 3 groups at baseline and the 1- and 2-month follow-ups, while logistic regression analysis was used to compare the risk of exposure to SHS at each follow-up.
resultsThe group-based intervention significantly improved health beliefs, self-efficacy, and self-reported rejection behaviors. The individual-based intervention effect was limited to some health belief constructs and SHS rejection behaviors. Both group- and individual-based interventions showed significant reductions in SHS exposure 2 months after the intervention (P < 0.0001).
conclusionGroup-based educational interventions based on the HBM are particularly effective in training pregnant women to avoid and refuse exposure to SHS. Policy makers should consider offering group-delivered programs to educate and empower pregnant women to reduce their SHS exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.