ArticleInjury epidemiology2016
Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law.
Article in Injury epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effective factors of improved helmet use in motorcyclists: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Motorized Two-Wheeled Vehicles Contribute Disproportionately to the Increase in Pandemic-Period Road Traffic Fatalities in New York State.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Using a Safe System Framework to Examine the Roadway Mortality Increase Pre-COVID-19 and in the COVID-19 Era in New York State.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Predictive Factors Influencing Helmet Usage Among Motorcyclists: A Study at the Largest Trauma Center in Southern Iran.Bulletin of emergency and trauma · 2025Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Article
- Age-based variability in the association between restraint use and injury type and severity in multi-occupant crashes.Annals of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Temporal Instability of Factors Affecting Injury Severity in Helmet-Wearing and Non-Helmet-Wearing Motorcycle Crashes: A Random Parameter Approach with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Hearing hoofbeats? Think head and neck trauma: a 10-year NTDB analysis of equestrian-related trauma in the USA.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with effective helmet use among motorcyclists in Mysuru City of Southern India.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2020Article
- Results of a Campaign for Motorcycle Helmets Advocacy in a City in Southwest of Iran; A Population-Based Intervention Study.Bulletin of emergency and trauma · 2019Article
- 'Seeing' Strain in Soft Materials.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Changing Demographic Profiles of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: An Aging Concern.Frontiers in surgery · 2019Article
- National analysis of testicular and scrotal trauma in the USA.Research and reports in urology · 2018Review
- Helmet Wear and Craniofacial Trauma Burden: A Plea for Regulations Mandating Protective Helmet Wear.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2017Article
- Injury epidemiology in Iran: a systematic review.Journal of injury & violence research · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S.
methodsWe pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System's General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression.
resultsReported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443; inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle; 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle; 1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multi-vehicle; 1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle).
conclusionsMedical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states.
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