ArticleACS biomaterials science & engineering2016
3D Printing PDMS Elastomer in a Hydrophilic Support Bath via Freeform Reversible Embedding.
Article in ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06224816 (Clinical Trial to Assess the Clinical Impact, Efficacy and Safety of Customized Nasal Masks Designed by 3D Printing During Non-invasive Ventilation in Premature Infants), which is not on this map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Trial to Assess the Clinical Impact, Efficacy and Safety of Customized Nasal Masks Designed by 3D Printing During Non-invasive Ventilation in Premature Infants
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 431 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Additive Manufacturing an Environmentally and Economically Preferred Alternative for Mass Production?Environmental science & technology · 2023Pooled it
- The Allstruder: an open syringe extruder for every 3D printer.HardwareX · 2026Article
- Microgel-Based 3D Bioprinting: A Convergent Strategy Integrating Material Design, Jamming Dynamics, and Biological Function.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Proximal sound printing: direct 3D printing of microstructures on polymers.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Embedded 3D Printing of Graphene Oxide-Containing, Chemically Crosslinkable Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Inks.Small science · 2025Article
- 3D bioprinted human-scale intestine models for physiological and microbial insights through fluid-driven heterogeneity.Science advances · 2025Article
- Full-Factorial Rheological Investigation of Carbopol ETD2020 for Embedded Printing: Effects of pH and Carbomer Concentration.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Printing of Cantilevers and Millifluidic Devices Using Ultrasound Waves.3D printing and additive manufacturing · 2025Article
- Most Important Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Silicones.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effect of Tyrosine-Containing Self-Assembling β-Sheet Peptides on Macrophage Polarization and Inflammatory Response.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- High-Speed Embedded Ink Writing of Anatomic-Size Organ Constructs.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Human Septal Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current Methodologies and Future Directions.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Gel-Based Suspension Medium Used in 3D Bioprinting for Constructing Tissue/Organ Analogs.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A 3D Bioprinted Cortical Organoid Platform for Modeling Human Brain Development.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Embedded 3D Bioprinting of Collagen Inks into Microgel Baths to Control Hydrogel Microstructure and Cell Spreading.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Aspects of a Suspended Bioprinting System Affect Cell Viability and Support Bath Properties.Tissue engineering. Part A · 2024Article
- Dissecting the Interplay Mechanism among Process Parameters toward the Biofabrication of High-Quality Shapes in Embedded Bioprinting.Advanced functional materials · 2024Article
- In-Foam Bioprinting: An Embedded Bioprinting Technique with Self-Removable Support Bath.Small science · 2024Article
- A Novel Low-Temperature Extrusion Method for the Fused Filament Fabrication of Fluoroelastomer Compounds.Micromachines · 2024Article
- Multiscale embedded printing of engineered human tissue and organ equivalents.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer is used in a wide range of biomaterial applications including microfluidics, cell culture substrates, flexible electronics, and medical devices. However, it has proved challenging to 3D print PDMS in complex structures due to its low elastic modulus and need for support during the printing process. Here we demonstrate the 3D printing of hydrophobic PDMS prepolymer resins within a hydrophilic Carbopol gel support via freeform reversible embedding (FRE). In the FRE printing process, the Carbopol support acts as a Bingham plastic that yields and fluidizes when the syringe tip of the 3D printer moves through it, but acts as a solid for the PDMS extruded within it. This, in combination with the immiscibility of hydrophobic PDMS in the hydrophilic Carbopol, confines the PDMS prepolymer within the support for curing times up to 72 h while maintaining dimensional stability. After printing and curing, the Carbopol support gel releases the embedded PDMS prints by using phosphate buffered saline solution to reduce the Carbopol yield stress. As proof-of-concept, we used Sylgard 184 PDMS to 3D print linear and helical filaments via continuous extrusion and cylindrical and helical tubes via layer-by-layer fabrication. Importantly, we show that the 3D printed tubes were manifold and perfusable. The results demonstrate that hydrophobic polymers with low viscosity and long cure times can be 3D printed using a hydrophilic support, expanding the range of biomaterials that can be used in additive manufacturing. Further, by implementing the technology using low cost open-source hardware and software tools, the FRE printing technique can be rapidly implemented for research applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.