ArticleAmerican journal of public health2016
Impact of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Factors on Cardiovascular and Diabetes Mortality in South Asia: Analysis From the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study.
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24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evaluation of the Quality of Evidence of the Association of Foods and Nutrients With Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiovascular outcomes of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2019 · on this mapPooled it
- Dose-response association of dietary sodium intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Public health nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Burden and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Asia, 1990-2021: An Analysis for GBD 2021.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- A Look Towards Next Steps: Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Burden in the Asia Region.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Global burden of dietary-related mortality in working-age population, 1990-2021: trends and disparities across 204 countries and territories.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Sex-specific global burden of cardiometabolic and respiratory diseases attributable to secondhand smoke exposure: Insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Article
- The relationship between Oxidation Balance Score and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension: An observational study.Medicine · 2025Observational
- Global disease burden analysis of Cardiometabolic disease attributable to second-hand smoke exposure from 1990 to 2040.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- The association between physical activities combined with dietary habits and cardiovascular risk factors.Heliyon · 2024Article
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- Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries.Nature medicine · 2023Article
- Incidence and long-term specific mortality trends of metabolic syndrome in the United States.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of High-Risk Population for Stroke: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Southwestern China.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Impact of diet on CVD and diabetes mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative risk assessment analysis.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- The International Diet-Health Index: a novel tool to evaluate diet quality for cardiometabolic health across countries.BMJ global health · 2020Article
- Germ-Free Swiss Webster Mice on a High-Fat Diet Develop Obesity, Hyperglycemia, and Dyslipidemia.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.Lancet (London, England) · 2019 · on this mapArticle
- Disrupting gender norms in health systems: making the case for change.Lancet (London, England) · 2019Review
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16 authors.
Mohammad Y YakoobMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Renata MichaMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Shahab KhatibzadehMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Gitanjali M SinghMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Peilin ShiMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Habibul AhsanMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Nagalla BalakrishnaMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Ginnela N V BrahmamMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Yu ChenMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Ashkan AfshinMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Saman FahimiMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Goodarz DanaeiMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
John W PowlesMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Majid EzzatiMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Dariush MozaffarianMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors: Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group, and Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating GroupMohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Funding
TRAINING GRANT IN ACADEMIC NUTRITIONT32DK007703 · NIDDK · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI CHRISTOPHER P DUGGAN, Frank B Hu · 1994 to 2026
$7.8MCVD Epidemiology Training Program in Behavior, the Environment and Global HealthT32HL098048 · NHLBI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI Goodarz Danaei, ERIC B RIMM · 2009 to 2026
$6.9MTRAINING PROGRAM IN HEALTH SERVICES RES. &POLICY ANAL.T32HS000062 · AHRQ · BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY · PI CHILINGERIAN, JON A · 1994 to 2018
$4.3MAHRQ HHS T32 HS000062NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL098048NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007703Wellcome Trust 100693
Abstract
objectivesTo quantify cardiovascular disease and diabetes deaths attributable to dietary and metabolic risks by country, age, sex, and time in South Asian countries.
methodsWe used the 2010 Global Burden of Disease national surveys to characterize risk factor levels by age and sex. We derived etiological effects of risk factors-disease endpoints, by age, from meta-analyses. We defined optimal levels. We combined these inputs with cause-specific mortality rates to compute population-attributable fractions as a percentage of total cardiometabolic deaths.
resultsSuboptimal diet was the leading cause of cardiometabolic mortality in 4 of 5 countries, with population-attributable fractions from 40.7% (95% uncertainty interval = 37.4, 44.1) in Bangladesh to 56.9% (95% uncertainty interval = 52.4, 61.5) in Pakistan. High systolic blood pressure was the second leading cause, except in Bangladesh, where it superseded suboptimal diet. This was followed in all nations by high fasting plasma glucose, low fruit intake, and low whole grain intake. Other prominent burdens were more variable, such as low intake of vegetables, low omega-3 fats, and high sodium intake in India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
conclusionsImportant similarities and differences are evident in cardiometabolic mortality burdens of modifiable dietary and metabolic risks across these countries, informing health policy and program priorities.
Indexed as
Global Burden of DiseaseMetabolic SyndromeAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAsiaCardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes MellitusFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentRisk Factors
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