ArticleHealth psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association2017
Interaction between smoking and depressive symptoms with subclinical heart disease in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
Article in Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characteristics of Cardiovascular Disease Prediction Models Considering Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Pooled it
- Association of Depression with Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: a Systematic Review.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2021Pooled it
- Change in cardiovascular health among adults with current or past major depressive disorder enrolled in intensive smoking cessation treatment.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Comparing the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Cardiovascular Disease Among the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: A National Survey of 9,049 Subjects Based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5.Vascular health and risk management · 2025Article
- ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE FOR EXPOSURE EFFECTS WITH LATENCY IN THE COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL IN THE PRESENCE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT ERROR.The annals of applied statistics · 2023Article
- The Association of Smoking Status and Clustering of Obesity and Depression on the Risk of Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Korean circulation journal · 2023Article
- Subclinical cardiovascular disease and utility of coronary artery calcium score.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2021Review
- Longitudinal Changes in Depressive Symptoms and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2020Article
- Associations between depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular health: Longitudinal results from CARDIA.Journal of affective disorders · 2020Article
- Evaluating Longitudinal Associations Between Depressive Symptoms, Smoking, and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in the CARDIA Study.Psychosomatic medicine · 2019Article
- Symptoms of depression are associated with physical inactivity but not modified by gender or the presence of a cardiovascular disease; a cross-sectional study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2019Article
- A Matched Case-Control Study on the Association Between Colds, Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease in Northwestern China.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Are Cardiovascular Risk Factors Stronger Predictors of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Adults With Versus Without a History of Clinical Depression?Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2018Article
- Unequal Exposure or Unequal Vulnerability? Contributions of Neighborhood Conditions and Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Socioeconomic Inequality in Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Apathy and depressive symptoms in older people and incident myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data.Clinical epidemiology · 2018Review
- Association of the Interaction Between Smoking and Depressive Symptom Clusters With Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study.Journal of dual diagnosisArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEvaluate whether smoking exposure and depressive symptoms accumulated over 25 years are synergistically associated with subclinical heart disease, measured by coronary artery calcification (CAC).
methodParticipants (baseline: 54.5% women; 51.5% Black; age range = 18-30 years) were followed prospectively from 1985 to 2010 in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Smoking status was queried yearly from Year 0 to Year 25 to compute packyears of smoking exposure. Depressive symptoms were measured on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale every 5 years to compute cumulative scores from Year 5 to Year 25. A three-level multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between cumulative smoking, cumulative depressive symptoms, and their interaction with moderate-risk CAC (score 1-99) and higher-risk CAC (score ≥100) compared with no CAC (score = 0) at Year 25. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral covariates.
resultsAmong 3,189 adults, the cumulative Smoking × Depressive Symptoms interaction was not significant for moderate-risk CAC (p = .057), but was significant for higher-risk CAC (p = .001). For adults with a 30-packyear smoking history, average CES-D scores 2, 10, and 16 were, respectively, associated with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) 3.40 (2.36-4.90), 4.82 (3.03-7.66), and 6.25 (3.31-11.83) for higher-risk CAC (all ps < .05).
conclusionCumulative smoking exposure and cumulative depressive symptoms have a synergistic association with subclinical heart disease, where higher lifetime smoking exposure and depressive symptoms are associated with greater odds of CAC. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.