ArticlePloS one2016
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Ghana during the Rural-to-Urban Transition: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Rural-urban difference in the prevalence of hypertension in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and determinants of medication adherence among patients taking antihypertensive medications in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis 2010-2021.Nursing open · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of hypertension in Ghanaian society: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.Systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Ghana: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Periodontitis Prevalence in a West African Sub-Population Using Two Definitions: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- Trends in emergency myocardial infarction admissions during COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine: a hospital-based time-series analysis from Western Ukraine.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among middle-aged adults in rural northern Ghana: an Awi-Gen cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Burnout is a predictor of high ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease among health workers in Ghana.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Urbanization exacerbates age-associated declines in cardiometabolic health in Turkana and Orang Asli.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Comparison of 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in metropolitan and rural areas of South of Iran.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Lecithin and cardiovascular health: a comprehensive review.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk among Ghanaians: A comparison of the risk assessment tools.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Article
- Dyslipidemia in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural Community in Ganadougou, Mali: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes mellitus · 2024Article
- Behavioural and nutritional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among the Ghanaian population- a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Risk factors for cardiometabolic health in Ghana: Cardiometabolic Risks Study Protocol-APTI Project.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Acculturation and Cardiovascular Risk Screening among African Immigrants: The African Immigrant Health Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Identification of cardiovascular risk factors among urban and rural Malaysian youths.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular disease risk profile and management among people 40 years of age and above in Bo, Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2022Article
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Abstract
Populations in sub-Saharan Africa are shifting from rural to increasingly urban. Although the burden of cardiovascular disease is expected to increase with this changing landscape, few large studies have assessed a wide range of risk factors in urban and rural populations, particularly in West Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of 3317 participants from Ghana (≥18 years old), of whom 2265 (57% female) were from a mid-sized city (Sunyani, population ~250,000) and 1052 (55% female) were from surrounding villages (populations <5000). We measured canonical cardiovascular disease risk factors (BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipids) and fibrinolytic markers (PAI-1 and t-PA), and assessed how their distributions and related clinical outcomes (including obesity, hypertension and diabetes) varied with urban residence and sex. Urban residence was strongly associated with obesity (OR: 7.8, 95% CI: 5.3-11.3), diabetes (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 2.3-5.7), and hypertension (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.6-4.0). Among the quantitative measures, most affected were total cholesterol (+0.81 standard deviations, 95% CI 0.73-0.88), LDL cholesterol (+0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99), and t-PA (+0.56, 95% CI: 0.48-0.63). Triglycerides and HDL cholesterol profiles were similarly poor in both urban and rural environments, but significantly worse among rural participants after BMI-adjustment. For most of the risk factors, the strength of the association with urban residence did not vary with sex. Obesity was a major exception, with urban women at particularly high risk (26% age-standardized prevalence) compared to urban men (7%). Overall, urban residents had substantially worse cardiovascular risk profiles, with some risk factors at levels typically seen in the developed world.
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