ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2016
Positivity of Antigen Tests Used for Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis in Individuals Without Wuchereria bancrofti Infection But with High Loa loa Microfilaremia.
Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Historical overview and geographical distribution of neglected tropical diseases amenable to preventive chemotherapy in the Republic of the Congo: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Systems analysis-based assessment of post-treatment adverse events in lymphatic filariasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Trial
- Immunoendocrine network under conditions of diabetes-filariasis co-morbidity DMLF6.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Laboratory Comparison of Rapid Antigen Diagnostic Tests for Lymphatic Filariasis: STANDARD Q Filariasis Antigen Test (QFAT) Versus Bioline Filariasis Test Strip (FTS).Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Identification and characterisation of Mansonella perstans in the Volta Region of Ghana.PloS one · 2024Article
- Application of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection ofFrontiers in tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Longitudinal study of cross-reactive antigenemia in individuals with highFrontiers in parasitology · 2023Article
- Targeting a highly repetitive genomic sequence for sensitive and specific molecular detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella perstans from human blood and mosquitoes.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Characterization of a novel microfilarial antigen for diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infections.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Evaluation of LAMP for the diagnosis of Loa loa infection in dried blood spots compared to PCR-based assays and microscopy.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Article
- Modulatory effect of filarial infection on the systemic hormone levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome (DM-LF5).Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- The Human FilariaResearch and reports in tropical medicine · 2022Review
- Advances in preclinical platforms ofFrontiers in tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Diagnostics to support elimination of lymphatic filariasis-Development of two target product profiles.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- African regional progress and status of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: 2000-2020.International health · 2020Review
- Achievements and challenges of lymphatic filariasis elimination in Sierra Leone.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Characterization of glycan determinants that mediate recognition of the major Wuchereria bancrofti circulating antigen by diagnostic antibodies.Molecular and biochemical parasitology · 2020Article
- Clinical, serological and DNA testing in Bengo Province, Angola further reveals low filarial endemicity and opportunities for disease elimination.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2020Article
- NTD Diagnostics for Disease Elimination: A Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Since the mid-2000s, the immunochromatographic card test (ICT), a point-of-care test for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigens (CFAs), has been the backbone for mapping and monitoring lymphatic filariasis (LF) worldwide. Recently, there have been instances in which CFA positivity has been associated with Loa loa microfilaremia. Here, we examined the association, at both the community and individual levels, between L. loa and CFA using additional diagnostic tools (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR], Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgG4 antibodies to Wb123 assays) to demonstrate the relationship between L. loa microfilaremia and ICT positivity. In May 2013, peripheral blood was collected during the day from 1,812 individuals living in southern Cameroon. ICT tests were done on the spot, and positive individuals were resampled at night. Results of qPCR and Wb123 assays concurred proving the absence of W. bancrofti infection. Og4C3 assays indicate a quantitative relationship between the level of L. loa microfilaremia and that of CFA. This was confirmed by epidemiological analyses, which reveal a strong association between L. loa microfilaremia and ICT positivity, with 50% of ICT reacting to L. loa when its microfilarial density exceeds 30,000 microfilariae/mL. At the community level, the proportion of positive ICT would exceed 2% when the prevalence of L. loa microfilaremia in the total population is above 20%. This has significant implications in terms of mapping and control of LF caused by W. bancrofti in Loa-endemic areas. Cross-reactivity of ICT with L. loa has to be considered in the context of both individual and community diagnostics.
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