ArticleHealth research policy and systems2016
Integrating and evaluating sex and gender in health research.
Article in Health research policy and systems, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Sex/gender differences in the association between behavioural factors and cancers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with quantitative synthesis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Sex and gender considerations in randomized controlled trials in critical care nephrology: a meta-epidemiologic study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Sex/Gender-Differences in the Health Effects of Environmental Noise Exposure on Hypertension and Ischemic Heart Disease-A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of physician's sex/gender on processes of care, and clinical outcomes in cardiac operative care: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2020Pooled it
- The evidence gap on gendered impacts of performance-based financing among family physicians for chronic disease care: a systematic review reanalysis in contexts of single-payer universal coverage.Human resources for health · 2020Pooled it
- Sex and gender differences in caregiving burden experienced by family caregivers of persons with dementia: A systematic review.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review.Science progressPooled it
- Age at menopause,Research square · 2026Article
- Gender differences in post-stroke cognitive outcomes in rehabilitation: insights from MoCA domain index scores.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Observational
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Prevalence of sexual violence against children and age at first exposure: a global analysis by location, age, and sex (1990-2023).Lancet (London, England) · 2025Article
- The interplay between age at menopause and synaptic integrity on Alzheimer's disease risk in women.Science advances · 2025Article
- Sex and gender in rhinosinusitis: a review.Future microbiology · 2025Review
- Sex and gender in perioperative cardiovascular research: protocol for a scoping review.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Virtual Primary Care for People With Opioid Use Disorder: Scoping Review of Current Strategies, Benefits, and Challenges.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Uncovering the persistent gap: The ongoing challenge of integrating sex and gender in biomedical research.Journal of biomedical research · 2024Article
- A deeper consideration of sex/gender in quantitative health research: a checklist for incorporating multidimensionality, variety, embodiment, and intersectionality throughout the whole research process.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Both sex (biological factors) and gender (socio-cultural factors) shape health. To produce the best possible health research evidence, it is essential to integrate sex and gender considerations throughout the research process. Despite growing recognition of the importance of these factors, progress towards sex and gender integration as standard practice has been both slow and uneven in health research. In this commentary, we examine the challenges of integrating sex and gender from the research perspective, as well as strategies that can be used by researchers, funders and journal editors to address these challenges. Barriers to the integration of sex and gender in health research include problems with inconsistent terminology, difficulties in applying the concepts of sex and gender, failure to recognise the impact of sex and gender, and challenges with data collection and datasets. We analyse these barriers as strategic points of intervention for improving the integration of sex and gender at all stages of the research process. To assess the relative success of these strategies in any given study, researchers, funders and journal editors would benefit from a tool to evaluate the quality of sex and gender integration in order to establish benchmarks in research excellence. These assessment tools are needed now amidst growing institutional recognition that both sex and gender are necessary elements for advancing the quality and utility of health research evidence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.