ArticleMicrobiome2016
Rapid change of fecal microbiome and disappearance of Clostridium difficile in a colonized infant after transition from breast milk to cow milk.
Article in Microbiome, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exclusive breastfeeding and infant colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations.Nature communications · 2018Pooled it
- Sheep-derived probiotics alleviate weaning-induced oxidative stress in lambs via the gut-liver axis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- The development of residential gut microbiota in mice at different phases in early life.iScience · 2026Article
- Addressing Unmet Needs inCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Infant gut microbiome reprogramming following introduction of solid foods (weaning).Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Formation of gut microbiota and application of microecological regulators in children.Translational pediatrics · 2025Review
- Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life.Biology · 2025Review
- The influence of the maternal microbiome on offspring neurodevelopment: a critical review of associations, controversies, and challenges.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- The influence of human milk composition and its microbiome on the gut microecology and early growth and development of preterm infants (the YI study): protocol design and cohort profile.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Review
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Early-Life Supplementation Enhances Gastrointestinal Immunity and Microbiota in Young Rats.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The role of host traits and geography in shaping the gut microbiome of insectivorous bats.mSphere · 2024Article
- Multispecies probiotics complex improves bile acids and gut microbiota metabolism status in anFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Analysis of risk factors for community-acquiredTranslational pediatrics · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiome and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Link Yet to Be Disclosed.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- The Comparative Analysis of Genomic Diversity and Genes Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism of Eighty-EightNutrients · 2022Article
- Antioxidant potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains from the sow milk bacterial collection in weaned piglets.Microbiome · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile is the most common known cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Upon the disturbance of gut microbiota by antibiotics, C. difficile establishes growth and releases toxins A and B, which cause tissue damage in the host. The symptoms of C. difficile infection disease range from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. Interestingly, 10-50 % of infants are asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile. This longitudinal study of the C. difficile colonization in an infant revealed the dynamics of C. difficile presence in gut microbiota.
methodsFifty fecal samples, collected weekly between 5.5 and 17 months of age from a female infant who was an asymptomatic carrier of C. difficile, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
resultsColonization switching between toxigenic and non-toxigenic C. difficile strains as well as more than 100,000-fold fluctuations of C. difficile counts were observed. C. difficile toxins were detected during the testing period in some infant stool samples, but the infant never had diarrhea. Although fecal microbiota was stable during breast feeding, a dramatic and permanent change of microbiota composition was observed within 5 days of the transition from human milk to cow milk. A rapid decline and eventual disappearance of C. difficile coincided with weaning at 12.5 months. An increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroides spp., Blautia spp., Parabacteroides spp., Coprococcus spp., Ruminococcus spp., and Oscillospira spp. and a decrease of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia spp., and Clostridium spp. were observed during weaning. The change in microbiome composition was accompanied by a gradual increase of fecal pH from 5.5 to 7.
conclusionsThe bacterial groups that are less abundant in early infancy, and that increase in relative abundance after weaning, likely are responsible for the expulsion of C. difficile.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.