Observational studyCardiovascular diabetology2016
Serum bicarbonate concentration and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.
Observational study in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum/plasma biomarkers and the progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Screening and Risk Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Pooled it
- Serum bicarbonate concentration and the risk of death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.Acta diabetologica · 2023Trial
- Serum bicarbonate and cardiovascular events in hypertensive adults: results from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2020Trial
- Article
- Association between serum bicarbonate and 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with infective endocarditis: a cohort study from MIMIC-IV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Hidden chronic metabolic acidosis of diabetes type 2 (CMAD): Clues, causes and consequences.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Review
- Article
- Effect of sodium bicarbonate on cardiovascular outcome and mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Low Serum Bicarbonate Levels Increase the Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Review
- Base excess is associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with acute myocardial infarction.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Serum Bicarbonate Concentration and Cause-Specific Mortality: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2020Article
- Observational
- Metabolic Acidosis and Cardiovascular Disease in CKD.Kidney medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSerum bicarbonate is associated with mortality, heart failure (HF) and progression of renal failure in studies of healthy people and patients with chronic kidney disease, but the significance of these observations in unselected patients with diabetes in the general population is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum bicarbonate was associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes.
methodsBaseline serum bicarbonate was available for 1283 well-characterized community-based patients (mean ± SD age 64.1 ± 11.3 years, 48.7 % males) from the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study followed for a mean of 12 years. Associations between serum bicarbonate and mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and incident HF were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression.
resultsSerum bicarbonate was independently and negatively associated with incident CHD. For each 1 mmol/L increase in bicarbonate, the hazard ratio for CHD was 0.95 (95 % confidence interval 0.92-0.99) after adjustment for age as time scale, age at baseline, sex, English fluency, diabetes duration, log
conclusionsSerum bicarbonate was a significant independent predictor of incident CHD but not death or HF in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes. This supports intervention trials of bicarbonate replacement in type 2 patients at risk of CHD and who have a low serum bicarbonate concentration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.