Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27716057›Full record

ArticleBMC genomics2016

Acquisition and loss of virulence-associated factors during genome evolution and speciation in three clades of Bordetella species.

Bodo Linz, Yury V Ivanov, Andrew Preston, Lauren Brinkac, Julian Parkhill, Maria Kim, Simon R Harris, Laura L Goodfield, Norman K Fry, Andrew R Gorringe and 4 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC genomics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
56citing papers in PubMed
4.5field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

56 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Phenotypic and genomic characterization ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Detection and Whole-Genome Characteristics ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  7. Genetic diversity ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. StrengtheningJournal of clinical microbiology · 2024
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. DAT, deacylating autotransporter toxin, fromProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023
    Article
  15. Clinical microbiology reviews · 2023
    Review
  16. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023
    Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.

Bodo LinzDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. bxl29@psu.edu.
Yury V IvanovDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Andrew PrestonThe Millner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Lauren BrinkacJ. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Julian ParkhillPathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
Maria KimJ. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Simon R HarrisPathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
Laura L GoodfieldDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Norman K FryPublic Health England, Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, London, UK.
Andrew R GorringePublic Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
Tracy L NicholsonUSDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
Karen B RegisterUSDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
Liliana LosadaJ. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Eric T HarvillDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Harvill@uga.edu.
J. Craig Venter Institute · USPennsylvania State University · USAgricultural Research Service · USPublic Health England · GBWellcome Sanger Institute · GBUniversity of Bath · GBUniversity of Georgia · US

Funding

Evolution of the Bordetellae from Commensals to PathogensR01GM083113 · NIGMS · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI HARVILL, ERIC T · 2008 to 2011
$2.1M
The Microbiota Pathogen CompetitionR01GM113681 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA · PI HARVILL, ERIC T · 2015 to 2018
$1.3M
In vivo vaccine-driven evolution in Bordetella pertussisR21AI116186 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA · PI HARVILL, ERIC T · 2015 to 2016
$411k
Bordetella sp. Versus MicrobiotaR56AI107016 · NIAID · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI HARVILL, ERIC T · 2014 to 2014
$377k
NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI116186NIAID NIH HHS R56 AI107016NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM083113NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM113681
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe genus Bordetella consists of nine species that include important respiratory pathogens such as the 'classical' species B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis and six more distantly related and less extensively studied species. Here we analyze sequence diversity and gene content of 128 genome sequences from all nine species with focus on the evolution of virulence-associated factors.

resultsBoth genome-wide sequence-based and gene content-based phylogenetic trees divide the genus into three species clades. The phylogenies are congruent between species suggesting genus-wide co-evolution of sequence diversity and gene content, but less correlated within species, mainly because of strain-specific presence of many different prophages. We compared the genomes with focus on virulence-associated genes and identified multiple clade-specific, species-specific and strain-specific events of gene acquisition and gene loss, including genes encoding O-antigens, protein secretion systems and bacterial toxins. Gene loss was more frequent than gene gain throughout the evolution, and loss of hundreds of genes was associated with the origin of several species, including the recently evolved human-restricted B. pertussis and B. holmesii, B. parapertussis and the avian pathogen B. avium.

conclusionsAcquisition and loss of multiple genes drive the evolution and speciation in the genus Bordetella, including large scale gene loss associated with the origin of several species. Recent loss and functional inactivation of genes, including those encoding pertussis vaccine components and bacterial toxins, in individual strains emphasize ongoing evolution.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularGenome, BacterialAnimalsBacterial Secretion SystemsBordetellaBordetella InfectionsDatasets as TopicGenes, BacterialGenetic VariationGenomicsGenotypeHumansMultilocus Sequence TypingPhylogenyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideVirulence FactorsBacterial Secretion SystemsVirulence FactorsBordetellaEvolutionGene acquisitionGene lossVirulence factor

Identifiers

PMID27716057
PMCPMC5045587
OpenAlexW2527330379

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.