ArticleTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH2016
Risk factors for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Kenya: a case-control study.
Article in Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Formulation of treatment protocol for ocular surface squamous neoplasia.International ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- The social and clinical profile of patients with ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma in Tanzania.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of Impression Cytology for Conjunctival Lesions: A Comparative Study with Histopathology.Iranian journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammation as a proposed risk factor for ocular surface squamous neoplasia.The ocular surface · 2024Article
- Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Is Associated With Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Case-Control Study From Zimbabwe.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Demographics, clinical presentation and risk factors of ocular surface squamous neoplasia at a tertiary hospital, South Africa.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- The Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Human papillomavirus-related neoplasia of the ocular adnexa.Acta ophthalmologica · 2022Article
- Optimization of the Ocular Surface Through Treatment of Ocular Surface Disease Before Ophthalmic Surgery: A Narrative Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2022Review
- Changes in Conjunctival Microbiota Associated With HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Observational
- Update on the Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia.Current ophthalmology reports · 2021Article
- Observational
- PD-L1/PD1 Expression, Composition of Tumor-Associated Immune Infiltrate, and HPV Status in Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Article
- A prospective study of the incidence, associations and outcomes of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2019Article
- Factors affecting recurrence after surgical treatment in cases with ocular surface squamous neoplasia.International journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Epidemiology of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in veterans: a retrospective case-control study.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2019Article
- Challenging Treatment of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia in Patients with Atopic Disease.Ocular immunology and inflammation · 2019Article
- Update on pharmacotherapy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2019Review
- Clinical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: A Review of the Current Evidence.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine modifiable risk factors of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in Kenya using disease-free controls.
methodsAdults with conjunctival lesions were recruited at four eye care centres in Kenya and underwent excision biopsy. An equal number of controls having surgery for conditions not affecting the conjunctiva and unrelated to ultraviolet light were group-matched to cases by age group, sex and eye care centre. Associations of risk factors with OSSN were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Continuous variables were compared using the t-test or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test depending on their distribution.
resultsA total of 131 cases and 131 controls were recruited. About two-thirds of participants were female, and the mean age of cases and controls was 42.1 years and 43.3 years, respectively. Risk factors for OSSN were HIV infection without antiretroviral therapy (ART) use (OR = 48.42; 95% CI: 7.73-303.31) and with ART use (OR = 19.16; 95% CI: 6.60-55.57), longer duration of exposure to the sun in the main occupation (6.9 h/day vs. 4.6 h/day, OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.10-1.40) and a history of allergic conjunctivitis (OR = 74.61; 95% CI: 8.08-688.91). Wearing hats was protective (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07-0.63).
conclusionMeasures to prevent and control HIV, reduce sun exposure such as wearing hats and control allergic conjunctivitis are recommended.
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Registered trials
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