Observational studyEuropean journal of epidemiology2016
Smoking cessation and long-term weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study: an application of the parametric g-formula for a continuous outcome.
Observational study in European journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Bayesian network model of new-onset diabetes in older Chinese: The Guangzhou biobank cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Trial
- Simultaneous vs. sequential treatment for smoking and weight management in tobacco quitlines: 6 and 12 month outcomes from a randomized trial.BMC public health · 2018Trial
- Modelling Asthma Treatment Dynamics: Insights from the g-Formula.Clinical epidemiology · 2025Article
- Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Multiple Sclerosis Using Model-based Standardization and Misclassification Adjustment Via Probabilistic Bias Analysis.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2023Article
- The effects of hypothetical behavioral interventions on the 13-year incidence of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Article
- Trends and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents, 2007 to 2018 (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:880-9).Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2022Article
- Effects of smoking on bariatric surgery postoperative weight loss and patient satisfaction.Surgical endoscopy · 2021Article
- The impact of hypothetical interventions on adiposity in adolescence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Hypothetical blood-pressure-lowering interventions and risk of stroke and dementia.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Avoiding Time-Related Biases: A Feasibility Study on Antidiabetic Drugs and Pancreatic Cancer Applying the Parametric g-Formula to a Large German Healthcare Database.Clinical epidemiology · 2021Article
- Refining the Association Between Body Mass Index and Atrial Fibrillation: G-Formula and Restricted Mean Survival Times.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019Article
- The Impact of Unemployment on Antidepressant Purchasing: Adjusting for Unobserved Time-constant Confounding in the g-Formula.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2019Article
- The effect of body mass index on smoking behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization study.Human molecular genetics · 2019Article
- Association of Weight Fluctuation With Mortality in Japanese Adults.JAMA network open · 2019Article
- Weight change after smoking cessation and incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean men: an observational study.Scientific reports · 2019Observational
- A review of time scale fundamentals in the g-formula and insidious selection bias.Current epidemiology reports · 2018Article
- Competitive docking model for prediction of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 binding of tobacco constituents.Oncotarget · 2018Article
- Effects of smoking habit change on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular diseases among patients with newly diagnosed diabetes in Korea.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Using Observational Data to Calibrate Simulation Models.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2018Article
- Estimating Effects of Dynamic Treatment Strategies in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies with Time-varying Confounding: A Primer.Current epidemiology reports · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Weight gain after smoking cessation can lessen the health benefits of, and reduce the incentives for, quitting smoking. Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation have estimated this weight gain only over short periods of follow-up. We provide an estimate of long-term post-cessation weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study, a prospective observational study. We identified 2001 smokers free of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in 1952. Using the parametric g-formula we estimated mean weight in 1972 if all smokers had quit at baseline versus if all had continued smoking. Our estimates were adjusted for demographic, socio-economic, and clinical factors at baseline and during follow-up. The estimated mean weight (95 % CI) at 20 years if all smokers had quit smoking was 75.2 kg (73.5, 76.6), compared with 70.2 kg (68.7, 71.8) if they had smoked 20 cigarettes/day and 73.4 kg (71.9, 74.6) if they had smoked 5 cigarettes/day (i.e., an estimated mean weight gain of 5.1 kg (3.1, 6.6) and 1.8 kg (0.8, 2.8), respectively). Smokers who were overweight or obese at baseline had a greater post-cessation weight gain on average. Our estimates suggest that smoking cessation can result in increases in body weight over 20 years. While the benefits of smoking cessation outweigh the risks due to post-cessation weight gain, our results highlight the need for long-term weight management interventions in combination with smoking cessation.
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