ArticleBJPsych open2016
Long-term antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Article in BJPsych open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Eating cognitions, emotions and behaviour under treatment with second generation antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of the methods of health economic models assessing antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Digital smartphone intervention to recognise and manage early warning signs in schizophrenia to prevent relapse: the EMPOWER feasibility cluster RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2022Trial
- Risperidone versus olanzapine among patients with schizophrenia participating in supported employment: Eighteen-month outcomes.Journal of psychiatric research · 2017Trial
- Predictors of extrapyramidal side effects among patients taking antipsychotic medication at Mekelle psychiatry units, Northern Ethiopia, 2023: unmatched case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Should we be Prescribing Fluphenazine Long-Acting Injectable Formulation?Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
- Extrapyramidal adverse events and anticholinergics use after the long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia with the new long-acting antipsychotic Risperidone ISMAnnals of general psychiatry · 2023Article
- Cost analysis of lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents and adults within the United Kingdom.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Oral and long-acting antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a network meta-analysis of 92 randomized trials including 22,645 participants.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2022Article
- Medication Gaps and Antipsychotic Polypharmacy in Previously Hospitalized Schizophrenia Patients: An Electronic Cohort Study in Three Canadian Provinces.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Observational
- Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: Japanese Expert Consensus.Pharmacopsychiatry · 2021Article
- Schizophrenia Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Multi-Country Comparison of the Costs of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adverse Events and Weight Gain.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Article
- Article
- Evaluation of the Cost-effectiveness of Services for Schizophrenia in the UK Across the Entire Care Pathway in a Single Whole-Disease Model.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Making decisions about antipsychotics: a qualitative study of patient experience and the development of a decision aid.BMC psychiatry · 2019Article
- Long-term effectiveness of oral second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct head-to-head comparisons.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFor treatment of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, comparative long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs to reduce relapses when minimising adverse effects is of clinical interest, hence prompting this review.
aimsTo evaluate the comparative long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs.
methodWe systematically searched electronic databases for reports of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of antipsychotic monotherapy aimed at reducing relapse risks in schizophrenia. We conducted network meta-analysis of 18 antipsychotics and placebo.
resultsStudies of 10 177 patients in 56 reports were included; treatment duration averaged 48 weeks (range 4-156). Olanzapine was significantly more effective than chlorpromazine (odds ratio (OR) 0.35, 95% CI 0.14-0.88) or haloperidol (OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.82); and fluphenazine decanoate was more effective than chlorpromazine (OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.88) in relapse reduction. Fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol, haloperidol decanoate and trifluoperazine produced more extrapyramidal adverse effects than olanzapine or quetiapine; and olanzapine was associated with more weight gain than other agents.
conclusionsExcept for apparent superiority of olanzapine and fluphenazine decanoate over chlorpromazine, most agents showed intermediate efficacy for relapse prevention and differences among them were minor. Typical antipsychotics yielded adverse neurological effects, and olanzapine was associated with weight gain. The findings may contribute to evidence-based treatment selection for patients with chronic psychotic disorders. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: R.J.B. received grants from the Bruce J. Anderson Foundation and the McLean Private Donors Psychopharmacology Research Fund. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE: © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.