ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
2014-2015 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States by Vaccine Type.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza vaccine outcomes: a meta-analysis revealing morbidity benefits amid low infection prevention.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- VirPLM: antigenic prediction of influenza A/H3N2 viruses with a fine-tuned protein language model.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Enhanced Immunogenicity and Cross-Neutralizing Activity of a Trivalent Adenoviral Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Mice.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Repeated influenza vaccination results in blunting rather than back-boosting of antibody responses against A(H3N2) antigens.Research square · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy of a CpG-Adjuvanted Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Ferrets.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- A single mutation at position 214 of influenza B hemagglutinin enhances cross-neutralization.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Adjuvanted Recombinant Hemagglutinin Vaccine Provides Durable and Broad-Spectrum Immunogenicity in Mice.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Influenza vaccine strain selection with an AI-based evolutionary and antigenicity model.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Glycan site loss in two egg-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine strains does not cause antigenic mismatches.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Dual roles of influenza B virus neuraminidase mRNA vaccine in enhancing cross-lineage protection by supplementing inactivated split vaccination.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza 5xM2e mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine confers broad immunity and significantly enhances the efficacy of inactivated split vaccination when coadministered.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Swine influenza-modified pulmonary microbiota.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCirculating A/H3N2 influenza viruses drifted significantly after strain selection for the 2014-2015 vaccines. Also in 2014-2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended preferential use of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) over inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among children aged 2-8 years.
methodsVaccine effectiveness (VE) across age groups and vaccine types was examined among outpatients with acute respiratory illness at 5 US sites using a test-negative design, that compared the odds of vaccination among reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza positives and negatives.
resultsOf 9311 enrollees with complete data, 7078 (76%) were influenza negative, 1840 (19.8%) were positive for influenza A (A/H3N2, n = 1817), and 395 (4.2%) were positive for influenza B (B/Yamagata, n = 340). The overall adjusted VE was 19% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10% to 27%) and was statistically significant in all age strata except those aged 18-64 years. The adjusted VE of 6% (95%CI, -5% to 17%) against A/H3N2-associated illness was not statistically significant, unlike VE for influenza B/Yamagata, which was 55% (95%CI, 43% to 65%). Among those aged 2-8 years, VE against A/H3N2 was 15% (95%CI, -16% to 38%) for IIV and -3% (CI, -50% to 29%) for LAIV; VE against B/Yamagata was 40% (95%CI, -20% to 70%) for IIV and 74% (95%CI, 25% to 91%) for LAIV.
conclusionsThe 2014-2015 influenza vaccines offered little protection against the predominant influenza A/H3N2 virus but were effective against influenza B. Preferential use of LAIV among young children was not supported.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.