ArticleJCI insight2016
TGF-
Article in JCI insight, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- TNF-α deficiency underlies NK cell dysfunction in colorectal cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Exploiting the CXCR3/CXCL10 axis overrides tumor immune suppression by enhancing immune trafficking and effector cell priming in HNSCC.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy and Immune System Interactions Historical Perspectives and Clinical Advancements.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2026Review
- Beyond the chimeric antigen receptor T cells and bispecific antibody duopoly: ex vivo armed T cells for solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive analysis of the TGF-β signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms, disease drivers, and frontiers in clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Strategies for Reversal.Cancers · 2025Review
- Role of the tumor microenvironment in chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer and targeted therapy.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Review
- Downregulated Smad3 signaling impairs the maturation of MO-MDSC in colorectal cancer.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Tumour-associated vasculature in T cell homing and immunity: opportunities for cancer therapy.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- A narrative review of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current progress, sensitization approaches, and synergistic strategies.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Review
- CAR T-cell immunotherapy as the next horizon in cancer eradication: current landscape, challenges, and future directions.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Spatial Profiling Identifies Regionally Distinct Microenvironments and Targetable Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Pediatric Osteosarcoma Pulmonary Metastases.Cancer research · 2025Article
- Multispecific Antibodies Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in Cancer.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2025Review
- Therapeutic targeting of TGF-β in lung cancer.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- AXL: shapers of tumor progression and immunosuppressive microenvironments.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in patients with small-cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Chronic Inflammation in Primary Myelofibrosis: In-Depth Insights Into Pathogenesis and Promising Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Strategies.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Review
- Recent advances in therapeutic use of transforming growth factor-beta inhibitors in cancer and fibrosis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tregs imprint an early immunotolerant tumor environment that prevents effective antitumor immune responses. Using transcriptomics of tumor tissues, we identified early upregulation of VEGF and TGF-β pathways compatible with tolerance imprinting. Silencing of VEGF or TGF-β in tumor cells induced early and pleiotropic modulation of immune-related transcriptome signatures in tumor tissues. These were surprisingly similar for both silenced tumors and related to common downstream effects on Tregs. Silencing of VEGF or TGF-β resulted in dramatically delayed tumor growth, associated with decreased Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increased effector T cell activation in tumor infiltrates. Strikingly, co-silencing of TGF-β and VEGF led to a substantial spontaneous tumor eradication rate and the combination of their respective inhibitory drugs was synergistic. VEGF and/or TGF-β silencing also restored tumor sensitivity to tumor-specific cell therapies and markedly improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Thus, TGF-β and VEGF cooperatively control the tolerant environment of tumors and are targets for improved cancer immunotherapies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.