SynthesisInternational journal of obesity (2005)2017
Weight losses with low-energy formula diets in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International journal of obesity (2005), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04764279 (Rural-specific OPTIFAST Intervention - A Randomized Study for Partial Remission of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With Obesity Between the Age of 18 and 65), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Rural-specific OPTIFAST Intervention - A Randomized Study for Partial Remission of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With Obesity Between the Age of 18 and 65
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Behavior change techniques in low-calorie and very low-calorie diet interventions for weight loss: A systematic review with meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of energy density on energy intake in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of meal replacements for weight loss.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2019Pooled it
- Restricting carbohydrates and calories in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of the effectiveness of 'low-carbohydrate' interventions with differing energy levels.Journal of nutritional sciencePooled it
- A High-Protein and Low-Glycemic Formula Diet Improves Blood Pressure and Other Hemodynamic Parameters in High-Risk Individuals.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Preventive Care Program during the Compound Humanitarian Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic in Venezuela.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of two diets enriched with protein or fat in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dapagliflozin.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Meal replacement by formula diet reduces weight more than a lifestyle intervention alone in patients with overweight or obesity and accompanied cardiovascular risk factors-the ACOORH trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Effect of a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention in People With Serious Mental Illness and Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2019Trial
- Individualized Meal Replacement Therapy Improves Clinically Relevant Long-Term Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Patients.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Ketogenic Diet in Obesity and Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Implementation of Preoperative Very Low-Calorie Diets in Preparation for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Review
- Nutritional strategies for childhood obesity treatment and prevention without counting calories-A narrative review.Pediatric discovery · 2025Review
- Real world evidence on the characteristics of regular and intermittent users of a very-low calorie diet program and associations with measures of program success, health, and quality of life.Obesity science & practice · 2024Article
- Calorie-restricted diet mitigates weight gain and metabolic abnormalities in obese women with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo provide a systematic review, of published data, to compare weight losses following very low calorie (<800 kcal per day VLCD) or low-energy liquid-formula (>800 kcal per day LELD) diets, in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsSystematic electronic searches of Medline (1946-2015) and Embase (1947-2015) to identify published studies using formula total diet replacement diets (VLCD/LELD). Random effects meta-analysis using weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight between groups (with and without diabetes) as the summary estimate.
resultsFinal weight loss, in the five included studies, weighted for study sizes, (n=569, mean BMI=35.5-42.6 kg/m
conclusionsWeight losses with liquid-formula diets are very similar for VLCD and LELD and for obese subjects with or without T2DM. They can potentially achieve new weight loss/ maintenance targets of >15-20% for people with severe and medically complicated obesity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.