ReviewPsychological medicine2017
Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease: improving causal inference to inform practice.
Review in Psychological medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress severity and coronary artery disease using genome-wide information and electronic health records.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Sexual violence and cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Maturitas · 2021Pooled it
- International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci.Nature communications · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of cognitive processing therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk in posttraumatic stress disorder patients: A randomized clinical trial.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2023Trial
- The effect of tert-butylhydroquinone on anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behaviors induced by post-traumatic stress disorder: A behavioral and molecular study.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Article
- Integrating multi-omics to reveal the causal effect of gut microbiota on post-traumatic stress disorder and potential drug target analysis.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Review
- Review
- The link between traumatic experiences and health in late life: challenges and opportunities for US-based longitudinal aging cohorts.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive difficulties in trauma-exposed adults with metabolic syndrome: no influence of PTSD status or PTSD and metabolic syndrome comorbidity.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- Epigenetic modifications and transgenerational inheritance in women victims of violence (EWVV).Environmental epigenetics · 2025Review
- Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors in Norwegian Trauma-Exposed Inpatients: A Cross-Sectional Comparison with Blood Donors.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Probing the neurocardiac circuit in trauma and posttraumatic stress.Journal of psychiatric research · 2024Article
- Single-Nucleus Transcriptome Profiling from the Hippocampus of a PTSD Mouse Model and CBD-Treated Cohorts.Genes · 2024Article
- PTSD, Comorbidities, Gender, and Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Large Military Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, type 2 diabetes outcomes and all-cause mortality: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2023Article
- The emerging role of the gut microbiome in posttraumatic stress disorder.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Review
- Sleep efficiency and PTSD symptom severity predict microvascular endothelial function and arterial stiffness in young, trauma-exposed women.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2023Article
- Dog ownership may promote cardiometabolic health in U.S. military veterans.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A Mendelian randomization study of genetic liability to post-traumatic stress disorder and risk of ischemic stroke.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared 'a life sentence' based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some of the strongest empirical research - in terms of methodology and findings - has shown that PTSD predicts higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite mounting evidence, PTSD is not currently acknowledged as a risk factor by cardiovascular or endocrinological medicine. This view is unlikely to change absent compelling evidence that PTSD causally contributes to cardiometabolic disease. This review suggests that with developments in methods for epidemiological research and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the behavioral and biological effects of PTSD the field is poised to provide more definitive answers to questions of causality. First, we discuss methods to improve causal inference using the observational data most often used in studies of PTSD and health, with particular reference to issues of temporality and confounding. Second, we consider recent work linking PTSD with specific behaviors and biological processes, and evaluate whether these may plausibly serve as mechanisms by which PTSD leads to cardiometabolic disease. Third, we evaluate how looking more comprehensively into the PTSD phenotype provides insight into whether specific aspects of PTSD phenomenology are particularly relevant to cardiometabolic disease. Finally, we discuss new areas of research that are feasible and could enhance understanding of the PTSD-cardiometabolic relationship, such as testing whether treatment of PTSD can halt or even reverse the cardiometabolic risk factors causally related to CVD and T2D.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.