SynthesisPediatrics2016
Patterns of Comorbidity Among Girls With ADHD: A Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06146595 (Prevalence Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Comorbidities Among a Sample of Primary School Students in New Valley Governorate), which is not on this map. Cited by 43 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prevalence Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Comorbidities Among a Sample of Primary School Students in New Valley Governorate
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Loneliness in Young People with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Prenatal stress and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.Pediatrics · 2019Guideline
- Pooled it
- Factors Associated with Sleep Problems in Children with ADHD: Focusing on Emotional Regulation, Emotional Intensity and Internalizing Symptoms.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Management and co-morbidities in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis: A clinical audit in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2026Article
- Observational
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Autism and ADHD.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychiatric Disorders Among Adolescents with ADHD: A Latent Class Analysis.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Prevalence and comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese school-attending students aged 6-16: a national survey.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Anger and Aggression in Russian Adolescents.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Does age of ADHD medication initiation predict long-term risk of anxiety? A scoping review.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Can socioeconomic status moderate the effect of a conflictive family environment on brain structure and externalizing/internalizing behavior in children and adolescents?Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2025Article
- The SASOP/PsychMg child and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder guidelines.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2025Article
- Training of Awareness in ADHD: Leveraging Metacognition.Journal of psychiatry and brain science · 2024Article
- Factors associated with pharmacological treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders: a retrospective study of a series of 77 cases in a single third-level reference Centre in Apulia region.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Remote Recruitment Strategy and Structured E-Parenting Support (STEPS) App: Feasibility and Usability Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2023Article
- Prevalence of externalising disorder comorbidities in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Associations Between ADHD, Sleep Problems, and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescents.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Article
- A Gender-Based Point of View in Pediatric Neurology.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextAlthough children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are far less understood relative to boys, despite ADHD being one of the most common childhood disorders in girls.
objectiveTo meta-analytically summarize rates of comorbid internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) psychopathology among girls with and without ADHD. DATA SOURCES: Literature searches (PubMed, Google Scholar) identified published studies examining comorbid psychopathology in girls with and without ADHD. STUDY SELECTION: Eighteen studies (1997 participants) met inclusion criteria and had sufficient data for the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Odds ratios for each comorbid disorder were calculated from available data. Demographic (eg, age, race/ethnicity) and study characteristics (eg, referral source, diagnostic method) were also coded.
resultsCompared with girls without ADHD, girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for each comorbid disorder assessed. Relative odds were higher for externalizing (ODD: 5.6×; CD: 9.4×) relative to internalizing disorders (anxiety: 3.2×; depression: 4.2×). Meta-regression revealed larger effect sizes of ADHD on anxiety for studies using multiple diagnostic methods, featuring younger children, and including clinic-referred (versus community-referred) girls; the effect of ADHD on ODD varied based on diagnostic informant. LIMITATIONS: Findings were derived from cross-sectional studies, precluding causal inferences.
conclusionsGirls with ADHD frequently exhibit comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders. We discuss future research priorities and consider intervention implications for ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in girls.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.